1. Industrialization and Its Consequences 1750-1914 CE
Big Era Seven
Industrialization
and
Its Consequences CE

2. Communication Revolution
The Modern Revolution
Communication Revolution
Democratic Politics
Fossil Fuels
How did these changes get all bundled up together?

3. World Population, 400 BCE - 2000 CE

4. Big Era Seven: growth was not equal everywhere
World Population in
Big Era Seven: growth was not equal everywhere .

5. World Population of People of European Descent in Europe, the United States, and Canada combined.
Year
Population in Millions
% of World Population
1750
141
19.3
1850
292
25.0
1900
482
30.0

6. Growth of the Population of Boston
,000
158%
3,010%
,038
Background photo:
,892

7. Migration from Europe from 1750 or earlier
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8. Continuing Atlantic slave trade
after 1750
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9. Labor migration from Asia
mainly after 1750
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10. Major Global Migrations
Europeans overseas
including
Siberia
55-60,000,000
Africans to the
Americas
1,900,000
Asians overseas
2,500,000

11. And humans dealt with this need by using fossil fuels.
But a growing population meant that human need for resources—for energy—was growing, too.
And humans dealt with this need by using fossil fuels.

12. The Industrial Revolution
Fossil fuel energy in production and transportation
British Factory:
Clermont:
Rocket:

13. Small wax candle, 800 BCE 5 watts
Vaclav Smil, Energy in World History (Boulder CO: Westview Press, 1994), 268.
5 watts

14. Parson’s turbine, 1884 CE 100,000 watts
Vaclav Smil, Energy in World History (Boulder CO: Westview Press, 1994), 269.

15. The Fossil Fuel Revolution The biological old regime ends when vast new sources of energy come into use: Coal Electricity Gas Petroleum Nuclear

16. Modern Revolution: Energy from fossil fuels like coal instead of biomass like wood
Vaclav Smil, Energy in World History (Boulder CO: Westview Press, 1994), 162.

17. better and better steam engines harnessed coal’s energy
Image:

18. More Efficient Production: Power loom weaving Lancashire, 1835
More Efficient Production: Power loom weaving Lancashire, 1835

19. LOCATIONS OF COAL MINES
In Britain coal mines were close to factories and cities. In China coal mines were far from factories and cities. How might history have been different if the closest sources of coal available to Britain were, say, in the Carpathian Mountains of southeastern Europe?

20. Travel Became Quicker: Robert Fulton’s Clermont steamship 1807

21. Travel continued: George Stephenson’s “Rocket” steam locomotive
1829

22. The increasing power of steam engines in Big Era Seven
Chart: Vaclav Smil, Energy in World History (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994), 164.

23. NEW ECONOMIC RELATIONSHIPS
Russia
U.S.A.
India
Egypt
Cotton exports from agrarian to industrial economies
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24. Textile exports from industrial to agrarian economies
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Textile exports from industrial to agrarian economies

25. How do governments implement?
New economic ideas
People should be able to buy and sell land freely.
People should be able to buy and sell labor freely.
People should be able to buy and sell goods freely.
How do governments implement?
Encyclopedia Britannica Macropedia, 15th ed., v. 27 (2002), p. 312
Adam Smith argued for ideas like these in his book The Wealth of Nations (1776).

26. Standardize weights and measures: Metric System (1790)
Build railroads, ports, and telegraphs: Transcontinental Railroad (1869)
Improve public health: Antiseptic Medicine (1867)

27. In Big Era Seven, government played a greater role than
ever before in people’s lives.
And while that happened, people’s ideas about government changed, too!

28. Tom Paine argued for these ideas in Common Sense
New political ideas:
People should be free to choose their government.
Government should protect people’s liberties.
People should have equal rights.
DEMOCRACY
Encyclopedia Americana, v. 21 (1999) p. 204
Tom Paine argued for these ideas in Common Sense
(1775)

29. Governments wrote constitutions:
U.S. Constitution 1787
Governments created representative institutions: French National Assembly 1789
Ottoman students:
Constitution:
David’s Tennis Court Oath image:

30. Governments promoted education: Ottoman Turkish Regulations for Public Education 1869
Ottoman students:
Constitution:
David’s Tennis Court Oath image:

31. If the government won’t change, change the government!
The Atlantic Revolutions
United States 1776
France 1789
Venezuela 1811
Haiti 1791
In each country, people struggled over liberty, equality, and nationalism.
Jefferson:
Danton: Encyclopedia Americana 1999 v. 8 p. 491
Toussaint L’Ouverture: ToussaintArticle.html
Bolívar: Encyclopedia Americana, v. 4 (1999), p. 161

32. Ascendancy (rise) of Liberalism What was it in the 19th century?

33. Ascendancy of Liberalism Are the political and economic tendencies in these two boxes compatible or inconsistent?
Rational thought and behavior
Civil freedoms and legal equality
Rule of law
Constitutional and limited government
The right to vote and be educated
Technical and scientific progress
Free market economy
Nationalism that advances the community of nations
Enhancement of state power and centralization
Increased state military and police power
State-managed social welfare
More efficient taxation
State economic management
Larger-scale economic enterprise
Imperial conquest and authoritarian rule over colonized
Exclusivist or xenophobic nationalism

34. Were these four 19th-century leaders champions of Liberalism?
Mahmud II
Napoleon
Bonaparte
William
Gladstone
Porfirio Díaz

35. The Communication Revolution
Steamboat
Railroad
Newspaper
Transatlantic cable
People and ideas moved more quickly

36. Railway locomotive (1847) - 96 km Normannia steamship (1890) - 40 km
The Speed Revolution
One hour of optimum travel:
Walking - 5 km
Horse-drawn coach - 10 km
Railway locomotive (1847) - 96 km
Normannia steamship (1890) - 40 km
French rapid train km
Jet plane km
Source: Vaclav Smil, Energy in World History, 238.

37. Railway Development in Europe
1840
1850

38. Railway Development in Europe
1880

39. Railway Construction in India 1853-1931

40. World Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Dollars
The Modern Revolution meant powerful economic growth in the world as a whole.
Chart data adapted from Angus Maddison, The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective (Paris: Development Centre of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001), 261.
World Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Dollars
as valued in 1990

41. Percentage of World GDP Western Europe and North America vs. Asia
The Modern Revolution shifted the world’s economic center: those who modernized first had the advantage
Percentage of World GDP
Western Europe and North America vs. Asia
Chart data adapted from Angus Maddison, The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective (Paris: Development Centre of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001), 263.

42. After the Modern Revolution, much more food went on the world market & went where it got the highest price
Mike Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World (New York: Verso, 2001), 45.
India, 1877

43. not to where it was needed most.
Mike Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World (New York: Verso, 2001), 52.

44. And industrial technology could be used not only to create, but to destroy.

45. And more of the world was colonized than ever before.

46. Battle of Omdurman, Sudan, 1898
Sudanese dead, 10,000
British dead, 48

47. Land surface of the world controlled by Europeans:
The European Moment
Land surface of the world controlled by Europeans: % % %
But duration of European world domination in the past 2000 years: 80
yrs

48. Japan Egypt Russia Mexico
Some elites around the world tried to adopt parts of the Modern Revolution to strengthen their own governments.
Japan
Egypt
Modernize:
Army
- Economy
- Independence
Meiji:
Aleksander II:
Porfirio Díaz: Encyclopedia Britannica Micropedia 15th ed., v. 4 (2002), p. 70
Muhammad Ali: unknown
Russia
Mexico

49. People traveled to learn about the Modern Revolution:
-Fossil fuels
-Democracy
British Factory:
Japanese Factory: Bentley v. 2 p. 866
Clermont:
Rocket:

50. And they didn’t keep the ideas to themselves
And they didn’t keep the ideas to themselves. They communicated them, because it was all part of the package.
Clermont:
Rocket:
Newspaper:
Transatlantic cable: D. Christian’s Industrial Rev. ppt from Big History Course

51. Powerful elites wanted to modernize did not count on people demanding the democratic part of the “modern package”
Meiji:
Aleksander II:
Porfirio Díaz: Encyclopedia Britannica Micropedia 15th ed., v. 4 (2002), p. 70
Muhammad Ali: unknown

52. Big era 7 is described as being “under pressure” meaning that changes happened more quickly than they had in the past. Was the modern revolution (BE7) a “package deal” (couldn’t have 1 part without another: fossil fuels, communication, democracy)? How was it “under pressure” or felt like it was going to blow up?