1. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory- 2
Introduction and Overview

2. History First published in 1943
Designed for routine diagnostic assessments
724 Minnesota “normals” and 221 psychiatric patients
504 statements
Originally 8 clinical scales plus validity scales

3. History (cont.) Revised version is the MMPI-2 (1989)
inadequate original standardization sample
objectionable items, concerns about item content
not broad enough to assess certain characteristics like suicide and drug abuse
Normative sample (MMPI-2)
2600 U.S. residents aged (census derived)
Separate forms for adolescents and adults
Originally 504, added repeat items and Masculine Feminine Scale and social introversion
1989 retained format but altered or added/deleted some items
Item content - drop the handkerchief sleeping powders, street cars
All 550 of the original MMPI items retained in adult and adolecent versions but 14% of original were revised because of antiquated/awkward klearning

4. History (cont.)
Most frequently used personality test in the US for adults and adolescents
The most researched personality test (over 12,000 articles, translated into 150 languages)
Originally 504, added repeat items and Masculine Feminine Scale and social introversion
1989 retained format but altered or added/deleted some items
Item content - drop the handkerchief sleeping powders, street cars
All 550 of the original MMPI items retained in adult and adolecent versions but 14% of original were revised because of antiquated/awkward klearning

5. MMPI-2/MMPI-A 567 true/false items
Administration time is approximately 1 to 1.5 hours
Must be interpreted by qualified professionals
For use with individuals 18 years and older
Original 10 clinical/personality scales and original 3 validity scales and added 4 validity measures.
Item content – content
Subscales for clnical/personality based on clusters of content-related items – H&L
Assessment of items and item clusters that relate to relevant behavior – critical
Empirically derived new scales - supplementary

6. Sample Test Items I wake up fresh & rested most mornings
I think I would like the work of a librarian
I am easily awakened by noise
I like to read newspaper articles on crime
My hands and feet are usually warm enough
My daily life is full of things that keep me interested
I am about as able to work as I ever was
I am sure I get a raw deal from life

7. Social-Cognitive Theories

8. Social Cognitive Theory
Social-cognitive perspective
Behavior is influenced by the interaction of people’s traits (including thinking) and their social context
Just like Nature & Nurture work together, so do individuals and their situations.
11.11 How do Mischel and
Bandura address the situation–
trait debate?

9. Social Cognitive Theory
Behavioral approach
We are conditioned to repeat behavior
We learn by observing and imitating (this is the social part)
Cognitive approach
What we think about our situations affects our behavior
How do we interpret and respond to events?
11.11 How do Mischel and
Bandura address the situation–
trait debate?

10. Social Cognitive Theory
Instead of focusing solely on how the environment controls us (as the behaviorists do), social-cognitive theorists focus on how we develop by interacting with the environment.
11.11 How do Mischel and
Bandura address the situation–
trait debate?

11. Reciprocal Determinism
The interaction of behavior, internal cognition and the environment

12. Reciprocal Influences
Individuals and the environment interact in a reciprocal relationship
Different people choose different environments
Example:
You choose the music you listen to, the books you read, the friends you hang with … then these things shape you!

13. Reciprocal Influences
Individuals and the environment interact in a reciprocal relationship
Our personalities shape how we interpret and react to events
Example:
Anxious people are attuned to potentially threatening events, then perceive the world as threatening!

14. Reciprocal Influences
Individuals and the environment interact in a reciprocal relationship
Our personality help create situations to which we react
Example:
How we treat people tends to be the way they treat us back