1. Chapter 5
Section 2 Traits and Inheritance
Bellringer
If you flip a coin, what are the chances that it will land on heads? tails? Suppose that you flipped the coin and got heads. What are the chances that you will get heads again?
Test your hypothesis. Flip a coin 10 times and record the coutcomes.

2. Chapter 5
Section 2 Traits and Inheritance
Objectives
Explain how genes and alleles are related to genotype and phenotype.
Use the information in a Punnett square.
Explain how probability can be used to predict possible genotypes in offspring.
Describe three exceptions to Mendel’s observations.

3. Chapter 5 Vocabulary gene genotype allele probability phenotype
Section 2 Traits and Inheritance
Vocabulary
gene
genotype
allele
probability
phenotype
incomplete dominance

4. Chapter 5
Section 2 Traits and Inheritance
A Great Idea
Mendel knew that there must be two sets of instructions for each characteristic.
The instructions for an inherited trait are called genes.
The different forms (often dominant and recessive) of a gene are alleles.
Phenotype An organism’s appearance is known as its phenotype. Genes affect the phenotype.

5. Chapter 5
Section 2 Traits and Inheritance
A Great Idea
The combination of inherited alleles together form an organism’s genotype.
Two dominant or two recessive alleles is said to be homozygous. The genotype with one dominant and one recessive allele is said to be heterozygous.
Punnett Squares are used to organize all the possible genotype combinations of offspring from particular parents.

6. Chapter 5
Section 2 Traits and Inheritance

7. Chapter 5 What Are the Chances?
Section 2 Traits and Inheritance
What Are the Chances?
Probability is the mathematical chance that something will happen.
Probability is most often written as a fraction of percentage.

8. Chapter 5 What Are the Chances?
Section 2 Traits and Inheritance
What Are the Chances?
Genotype Probability To have white flowers, a pea plant must receive a p allele from each parent. Each offspring of a Pp Pp cross has a 50% chance of receiving either allele from either parent. So, the probability of inheriting two p alleles is 1/2  1/2, which equals 1/4, or 25%.

9. Calculating Probability
Chapter 5
Section 2 Traits and Inheritance
Calculating Probability

10. Chapter 5 More About Traits
Section 2 Traits and Inheritance
More About Traits
Researchers have found that sometimes one trait is not completely dominant over another.
These traits do not blend together, but each allele has its own degree of influence.
This is known as incomplete dominance.

11. Chapter 5 More About Traits
Section 2 Traits and Inheritance
More About Traits
One Gene, Many Traits Sometimes one gene influences more than one trait.
Many Genes, One Trait Some traits, such as the color of your skin, hair, and eyes, are the result of several genes acting together.

12. Chapter 5 More About Traits
Section 2 Traits and Inheritance
More About Traits
The Importance of Environment Genes aren’t the only influences on traits. A combination of things determine an individual’s characteristics.
Your environment also influences how you grow.
Lifestyle choices can also affect a person’s traits.

13. Chapter 5 Section Summary
Section 2 Traits and Inheritance
Section Summary
Instructions for an inherited trait are called genes. For each gene, there are two alleles, one inherited from each parent. Both alleles make up an organism’s genotype. Phenotype is an organism’s appearance.
Punnett squares show all possible offspring genotypes.

14. Chapter 5 Section Summary
Section 2 Traits and Inheritance
Section Summary
Probability can be used to describe possible outcomes in offspring and the likelihood of each outcome.
Incomplete dominance occurs when one allele is not completely dominant over the other allele.
Some genes influence more than one trait.