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Kelp Forest Zonation Canopy Understory Inshore Kelp Canopy (Z1)

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Presentation on theme: "Kelp Forest Zonation Canopy Understory Inshore Kelp Canopy (Z1)"— Presentation transcript:

1 Kelp Forest Zonation Canopy Understory Inshore Kelp Canopy (Z1)
Algal Turf Offshore (Z3)

2 Phyllospadix Egregia Macrocystis Nereocystis Laminaria

3 A. Canopy Assemblages (isopods, tubeworms, hydrozoans and bryozoans)
B. Planktonic Assemblages (jellyfish, fish larvae, diatoms, and crustaceans). C. Holdfast Assemblages (sea urchins, crustaceans, brittle stars, and sea anemones) D. Horizontal Substrate Assemblages (urchins, sea stars, algae, tunicates, and bottom fish). E. Vertical Wall Assemblages (coralline algae, anemones, cup corals, sponges, and bryozoans)

4 Canopy Plankton Holdfast Community

5 Vertical Wall Horizontal Surface

6 Ecological Relationships in Kelp Forests
Orca Sea Otter Urchins

7 Ecological Relationships in Kelp Forests - Aleutian Archipelago
Adak Island

8 Ecological Relationships in Kelp Forests - Aleutian Archipelago
Otter # 1972 1997

9 Ecological Relationships in Kelp Forests - Aleutian Archipelago
Otter # Urchin Biomass 1972 1997

10 Ecological Relationships in Kelp Forests - Aleutian Archipelago
Otter # Urchin Biomass Grazing Intensity 1972 1997

11 Ecological Relationships in Kelp Forests - Aleutian Archipelago
Otter # Urchin Biomass Grazing Intensity Kelp Density 1972 1997

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16 Kelp settlement and mature
Mortality of Kelp - Effect of El Niño event Recovery of community (Ebeling et al., 1985) Original situation - Macrocystis canopy, understory kelp (Pterygophora) - urchins S. purpuratus & S. franciscanus feed in crevices on drift kelp Destroyed kelp (Macrocystis) canopy but left understory kelp Storm 1 Reduction in drift kelp used by urchins Urchins forage in open on understory kelp Kelp settlement and mature forest (1 year) Urchins destroy remaining kelp Storm 2 Kills urchins and left bare rock

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18 Mortality of Kelp - Effect of El Niño event
Other El Niño Effects -rip up holdfasts  no vegetative growth -high water temperature  retards growth -reduction in nitrogen  retards growth

19 General Model for Maintenance of Barrens and Kelp areas
Low drift abundance High grazing activity Low grazing activity High drift abundance Low algal recruitment High algal recruitment Low standing stock of attached algae High standing stock of attached algae Severe storms Low nutrient Warm temperatures Benign storms High nutrient Low temperatures STABLE STATES

20 General Model for Maintenance of Barrens and Kelp areas
Barren Ground Kelp Forest - created by urchin grazing -abundant drift kelp -little drift kelp - urchins remain in crevices - urchins actively forage Recruitment of kelp Effect of urchins due to a change in behaviour not numbers Harold & Reed, 1985

21 General Model for Maintenance of Barrens and Kelp areas
Effect of urchins due to a change in behaviour not numbers Harold & Reed, 1985

22 General Model for Maintenance of Barrens and Kelp areas
Harold & Reed, 1985

23 Small herbivorous fish & invertebrates
Kelp Forest Food Web (with otters) Sharks Larger fish & octopus Sea otter Larger crabs Sea stars Abalone Smaller predatory Fish and invertebrates Sea urchins Drift algae & dead animals Small herbivorous fish & invertebrates Sessile invertebrates Planktonic invertebrates Kelp and other algae Planktonic algae

24 Small herbivorous fish & invertebrates
Kelp Forest Food Web (without otters) Sharks Larger fish & octopus Sea otter Larger crabs Sea stars Abalone Smaller predatory Fish and invertebrates Sea urchins Drift algae & dead animals Small herbivorous fish & invertebrates Sessile invertebrates Planktonic invertebrates Kelp and other algae Planktonic algae

25 Kelp Forest Productivity
50 40 30 20 10 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 Producer Biomass Kg/m2 Annual Net Production Kg/m2/yr Litter Mass Kg/m2/yr Tropical Rain Forest Tropical Seasonal Forest Evergreen Forest Deciduous Forest Boreal Forest Kelp Forest

26 Kelp Forest Productivity
SUSPENSION FEEDERS Mussel Soft coral Barnacle Sea Anemone Rock Jingle Mysid DETRITIVORES Amphipod Crab PREDATORS Rock greenling Sea star Cormorant Percent of Kelp Derived Carbon

27 Next time Coral Reefs

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