1. Solid Waste Management
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3. What are solid wastes?
All wastes happening from human and animal activities
Normally solid
Discarded as useless or unwanted
Urban community, Agricultural, Industrial and Mineral wastes
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5. Materials Flow and Waste Generation
Raw Materials
Manufacturing
Secondary manufacturing
Processing and recovery
Consumer
Final disposal
Residual debris
Residual waste material
Raw materials, products, and recovered materials
Waste materials
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6. Solid Waste Management
The discipline associated with the control of generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing, and disposal of solid wastes in a manner that is in accord with the best principles of public health, economics, engineering, conservation, aesthetics, and other environmental considerations, and that is also responsive to public attitudes.
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8. Solid Waste Management (continued)
Complex interdisciplinary relationships among political science, city and regional planning, geography, economics, public health, sociology, demography, communications, and conservation, as well as engineering and materials science
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9. Interrelationships between the functional elements in a solid waste management system
Waste generation
Collection
Separation and processing and transformation of solid waste
Transfer and
transport
Disposal
Waste handling, separation, storage, and processing at the source
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10. Waste handling, separation, storage, and processing at the source
Handling and separation involve the activities associated with management of wastes until they are placed in storage containers for collection.
The best place to separate waste materials for reuse and recycling is at the source of generation (currently, also for hazardous wastes).
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11. Collection Include the gathering and the transport of these materials
In large cities, where the haul distance to the point of disposal is greater than 15 miles, the haul may have significant economic implications.
Transfer and transport facilities are normally used where long distances are involved
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12. Separation and processing and transformation of solid waste
Separated wastes are recovered by three means, i.e. curbside collection, drop off, and buy back centres.
Processing includes; e.g. the separation of bulky items, size reduction by shredding, separation of ferrous metals using magnets.
Transformation processes are used to reduce the volume and weight of waste requiring disposal and to recover conversion products and energy.
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13. Transfer and Transport
The transfer of wastes from the smaller collection vehicle to the larger transport equipment
The subsequent transport of the wastes, usually over long distances, to a processing or disposal site
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14. Disposal
Landfilling or landspreading is the ultimate fate of all solid wastes.
A modern sanitary landfill is not a dump; it is an engineered facility used for disposing of solid wastes without creating nuisances or hazards to public health or safety.
EIA is required for all new landfill sites.
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15. Integrated Solid Waste Management
“The selection and application of suitable techniques, technologies, and management programs to achieve specific waste management objectives and goals”
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16. Hierarchy of Integrated Solid Waste Management
Source reduction: the most effective way to reduce waste quantity
Recycling: involves the separation and collection; the preparation for reuse, reprocessing; the reuse, reprocessing
Waste transformation: the physical, chemical, or biological alteration of wastes
Landfilling: the least desirable but indispensable mean for dealing with wastes
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17. Sources, Types, and Composition of Industrial Solid Wastes
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18. Sources of Solid Wastes
Residential
Commercial
Institutional
Construction and Demolition
Municipal services
Treatment plant sites
Industrial
Agricultural
Municipal solid waste
(MSW)
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19. Plastic Materials Polyethylene terephthalate (PETE/1)
High-density polyethylene (HDPE/2)
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC/3)
Low-density polyethylene (LDPE/4)
Polypropylene (PP/5)
Polystyrene (PS/6)
Other multilayered plastic materials (7)
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20. Hazardous Wastes
“Wastes or combinations of wastes that pose a substantial present or potential hazard to human health or living organisms”
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21. Industrial Solid Waste Excluding Process Wastes
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22. Industrial Solid Waste Excluding Process Wastes (cont.)
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25. Determination of the Composition of MSW in the Field
Residential MSW: 200 lb (90.72kg) of samples is considered enough. To obtain a sample, the load is first quartered. One part is then selected for additional quartering until a sample size of about 200 lb (90.72kg) is obtained.
Commercial and Industrial MSW: Samples need to be taken directly from the source, not from a mixed waste load in a collection vehicle.
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26. Physical, Chemical, and Biological Properties of MSW
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27. Physical Properties of MSW
Specific weight
Moisture content
Particle size and size distribution
Field capacity
Compacted waste porosity
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29. Chemical Properties of MSW
The four most important properties if solid wastes are to be used as fuel are;
Proximate analysis
Fusing point of ash
Ultimate analysis (major elements)
Energy content
The major and trace elements are required if the MSW is to be composted or used as feedstock
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30. Proximate Analysis
Moisture (moisture lost after heated at 105°C for 1 hr.)
Volatile combustible matter (additional loss of weight after ignited at 950°C)
Fixed carbon (combustible residue after volatile matter removal)
Ash (weight of residue after combustion)
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31. Ultimate Analysis of Solid Waste Components
Involves the determination of the percent C, H, O, N, S, and ash
Due to the chlorinated compounds emission, the determination of halogens is often included.
Moreover, they are used to define the proper mix of waste materials to achieve suitable C/N ratios for biological conversion processes.
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33. Energy Content of Solid Waste Components
Determined by;
A full scale boiler as a calorimeter
A laboratory bomb calorimeter
Calculation, if the elemental composition is known
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36. Physical Transformations
Component separation
Mechanical volume reduction
Mechanical size reduction
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37. Chemical Transformations
Combustion (chemical oxidation)
Pyrolysis
Gasification
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39. Biological Transformations
Aerobic Composting
Anaerobic Digestion
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42. Waste Handling and Separation, Storage, and Processing at The Source
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43. Waste Handling and Separation at Commercial and Industrial Facilities
Relatively large containers mounted on rollers are utilised before being emptied.
Solid wastes from industrial facilities are handled in the same way as those from the commercial facilities.
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44. Storage of Solid Wastes at The Source
Effects of Storage on Waste Components; biological decomposition, absorption of fluids, contamination of waste components
Types of Containers
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47. Processing of Solid Wastes at the Source
Grinding of Food Wastes
Separation of Wastes
Compaction
Composting
Combustion
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48. Collection of Solid Waste
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49. Introduction
Difficulties arise from the complexity of the sources of solid wastes.
Due to the high costs of fuel and labour, ~50-70% of total money spent for collection, transportation, and disposal in 1992 was used on the collection phase.
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50. Definition of Collection
“Gathering or picking up of solid wastes, including the hauling to and unloading at the site”
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53. Types of Collection Systems
Hauled Container Systems (HCS)
Stationary Container Systems (SCS)
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54. HCS: Conventional Mode
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55. HCS: Exchange Container Mode
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56. Hauled Container Systems (HCS)
Pros
Suited for the removal of wastes from high rate of generation sources because relatively large containers are used
Reduce handling time, unsightly accumulations and unsanitary conditions
Require only one truck and driver to complete the collection cycle
Cons
Each container requires a round trip to the disposal site (or transfer point)
Container size and utilisation are of great economic importance
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58. Personnel Requirements for HCS
Usually, a single collector-driver is used
A driver and helper should be used, in some cases, for safety reasons or where hazardous wastes are to be handled
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59. SCS
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60. Stationary Container Systems (SCS)
Can be used for the collection of all types of wastes
There are two main types: mechanically loaded and manually loaded
Internal compaction mechanisms are widely use thanks to their economical advantages
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61. Transfer Operations Can be economical when;
Small, manually loaded collection vehicles are used for residential wastes and long haul distances are involved
Extremely large quantities of wastes must be hauled over long distances
One transfer station can be used by a number of collection vehicles
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62. Personnel Requirements for SCS
Mechanically
The same as for HCS
A driver and two helpers are used if the containers are at the inaccessible locations, e.g. congested downtown commercial area
Manually
The number of collectors varies from 1 to 3
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63. Separation and Processing and Transformation of Solid Waste
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64. Uses for recovered materials
Direct reuse
Raw materials for remanufacturing and reprocessing
Feedstock for biological and chemical conversion products
Fuel source
Land reclamation
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65. Unit Operations Used For The Separation and Processing of Waste Materials
To modify the physical characteristics of the waste
To remove specific components and contaminants
To process and prepare the separated materials for subsequent uses
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66. Shredders (a) hammermill (b) fail mill (c) shear shredder
Trommel
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67. Baler
Magnetic Separators
Can Crusher
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68. Facilities for Handling, Moving, and Storing Waste Materials
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72. Waste Transformation Through Combustion
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73. Waste Transformation through Aerobic Composting
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74. Objectives of Composting
To stabilise the biodegradable organic materials
To destroy pathogens, insect eggs, etc.
To retain the maximum nutrient (N,P,K)
To produce fertilizer
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75. Static Pile Composting
Windrow Composting
Static Pile Composting
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76. Transfer and Transport
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77. The Need for Transfer Operations
Direct hauling is not feasible
Illegal dumping due to the excessive haul distances
Disposal sites are far from the collection routes more than 10 mi
Use of small-capacity collection vehicles (< 20 yd3)
Low-density residential service area
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78. The Need for Transfer Operations (continued)
The use of HCS with small containers for commercial sources waste
The use of hydraulic or pneumatic collection systems
Transfer operation is an integral part of the operation of a MRF
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79. Types of Transfer Station
Direct-load
Storage-load
Storing capacity 1-3 days
Combined direct- and discharge-load
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80. Disposal of Solid Wastes and Residual Matter
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82. Development and completion of a landfill
Preparation of the site for landfilling
The placement of wastes
Postclosure management
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83. Concerns with the Landfilling of Solid Wastes
The uncontrolled release of landfill gases
The impact of landfill gases as the greenhouse gases
The uncontrolled release of leachate
The breeding and harbouring of disease vectors
The adverse effects of the trace gases arising from the hazardous materials
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84. “The goal for the design and operation of a modern landfill is to eliminate or minimize the impacts associated with these concerns.”
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