1. Cellular Respiration Notes
Objective:
I can explain how ATP is made and what is chemiosmosis.
Agenda:
Cellular Respiration Notes
ATP Worksheet
ATP Expense and Revenue worksheet

2. Making energy!
ATP
The point is to make ATP!

3. The energy needs of life
Organisms are _____________ systems
What do we need energy for?
___________
building biomolecules
reproduction
_____________
active transport
temperature regulation
Which is to say… if you don’t eat, you die… because you run out of energy.
The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics takes over!

4. Where do we get the energy from?
Work of life is done by energy coupling
use _________ (catabolic) reactions to fuel ___________ (anabolic) reactions
energy + +
energy + +

5. ATP Living economy Fueling the body’s economy
eat high energy _________________
food = carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
break them down
_________________________
capture released energy in a form the cell can use
Need an ______________________
a way to pass energy around
need a short term energy storage molecule
ATP
Whoa! Hot stuff!

6. Build once, use many ways
ATP
__________________
modified nucleotide
nucleotide = __________ + _______ + Pi  AMP
AMP + Pi  ADP
ADP + Pi  ATP
adding phosphates is _____________
Marvel at the efficiency of biological systems!
Build once = re-use over and over again.
Start with a nucleotide and add phosphates to it to make this high energy molecule that drives the work of life.
Let’s look at this molecule closer.
Think about putting that Pi on the adenosine-ribose ==>
EXERGONIC or ENDERGONIC?
How efficient!
Build once, use many ways
high energy bonds

7. How does ATP store energy?
I think he’s a bit unstable… don’t you?
How does ATP store energy? P O– O –O P O– O –O P O– O –O P O– O –O P O– O –O
ADP
AMP
ATP
_______________________________
a lot of stored energy in each bond
most energy stored in 3rd Pi
____________________________________________
Bonding of negative Pi groups is unstable
spring-loaded
Pi groups “pop” off easily & release energy
Not a happy molecule
Add 1st Pi  Kerplunk! Big negatively charged functional group
Add 2nd Pi  EASY or DIFFICULT to add? DIFFICULT takes energy to add = same charges repel  Is it STABLE or UNSTABLE? UNSTABLE = 2 negatively charged functional groups not strongly bonded to each other So if it releases Pi  releases ENERGY
Add 3rd Pi  MORE or LESS UNSTABLE? MORE = like an unstable currency • Hot stuff! • Doesn’t stick around • Can’t store it up • Dangerous to store = wants to give its Pi to anything
Instability of its P bonds makes ATP an excellent energy donor

8. How does ATP transfer energy?+
ATP
ADP
_______________
releases energy
∆G = -7.3 kcal/mole
can fuel other reactions
_______________________
released Pi can transfer to other molecules
destabilizing the other molecules
enzyme that phosphorylates = _____________
How does ATP transfer energy?
By phosphorylating
Think of the 3rd Pi as the bad boyfriend ATP tries to dump off on someone else = phosphorylating
How does phosphorylating provide energy?
Pi is very electronegative. Got lots of OXYGEN!! OXYGEN is very electronegative. Steals e’s from other atoms in the molecule it is bonded to. As e’s fall to electronegative atom, they release energy.
Makes the other molecule “unhappy” = unstable. Starts looking for a better partner to bond to. Pi is again the bad boyfriend you want to dump.
You’ve got to find someone else to give him away to. You give him away and then bond with someone new that makes you happier (monomers get together).
Eventually the bad boyfriend gets dumped and goes off alone into the cytoplasm as a free agent = free Pi.

9. Another example of Phosphorylation…
The first steps of ________________
beginning the breakdown of glucose to make ATP
glucose
C-C-C-C-C-C
Those phosphates sure make it uncomfortable around here! C H P
ATP 2
hexokinase
ADP 2
phosphofructokinase
These are the very first steps in respiration — making ATP from glucose.
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (F1,6bP)
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)
1st ATP used is like a match to light a fire…
initiation energy / activation energy.
The Pi makes destabilizes the glucose & gets it ready to split.
fructose-1,6bP
P-C-C-C-C-C-C-P
DHAP
P-C-C-C
G3P
C-C-C-P

10. ATP / ADP cycle _____________ ATP transfers Pi too easily
only short term energy storage
carbohydrates & fats are long term energy storage
ATP
respiration
7.3 kcal/mole
ADP P +
A working muscle recycles over 10 million ATPs per second
Whoa! Pass me the glucose
(and O2)!

11. Cells spend a lot of time making ATP!
The point is to make ATP!
What’s the point?

12. But… How is the proton (H+) gradient formed?
catalytic
head
rod
rotor
ATP synthase
Enzyme channel in mitochondrial membrane
_________________
H+ flow down concentration gradient
flow like water over water wheel
flowing H+ cause change in shape of ATP synthase enzyme
powers bonding of Pi to ADP _______________
ADP P +
ATP
But… How is the proton (H+) gradient formed?

13. Notes over ATP and Chemiosmosis
Objective:
I can explain how ATP is made and what is chemiosmosis.
Agenda:
Pre-lab
Notes over ATP and Chemiosmosis
Chapter 6 guided reading
Test Corrections