1. Figure 1 Activation of neurohormonal systems in heart failure
Figure 1 | Activation of neurohormonal systems in heart failure. Decreased cardiac output in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction results in the unloading of high-pressure baroceptors (black dots) in the left ventricle, carotid sinus, and aortic arch. This unloading leads to generation of afferent signals to the central nervous system (CNS) that, in turn, lead to activation of efferent sympathetic nervous system pathways that innervate the heart, kidney, peripheral vasculature, and skeletal muscles. This unloading also leads to afferent signals to the CNS that stimulate cardioregulatory centres in the brain that stimulate the release of arginine vasopression from the posterior pituitary. Adapted from Nohria, A., Cusco, J. A. & Creager, M. A. in Atlas of Heart Failure 4th edn Vol. 1 Ch. 6 (ed. Colucci, W. S.) 101–126 (2004), with permission from Springer.
Adapted from Nohria, A., Cusco, J. A. & Creager, M. A. in Atlas of Heart
Failure 4th edn Vol. 1 Ch. 6 (ed. Colucci, W. S.) 101–126 (2004), with permission from Springer
Hartupee, J. & Mann, D. L. (2016) Neurohormonal activation in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
Nat. Rev. Cardiol. doi: /nrcardio