1. Physical principles of hemodynamic and bioreology

2. The Heart and the Cardiovascular System
(2) Cardiac Mechanics. (1) Cardiac electrophysiology.

3. The Heart: two pumps in series: (1) Pulmonary circulation: propels blood through lungs for exchange of O2 and CO2. (2) Systemic circulation: propels blood to all other tissues or organs of body.

4. Anatomy of the Heart

5. Longitudinal cross section

7. Basic Hemodynamics

8. Basic Hemodynamics

9. Types of flow
Flow of fluid in a cylindrical tube may be laminar of turbulent.
Laminar flow: flow in lamina, fluid particles do not move in radial or circumferential direction.
In Laminar flow the pressure drop (DP) is proportional to flow.

10. Poiseuille’s law
Effect of stenosis degree on resistance

11. Types of flow
Turbulent flow: irregular flow of fluid elements. Rapid radial and circumferential mixing.
In turbulent flow the pressure drop is approximately proportional to square of flow.

14. Pressure and Volume in the Circulation
Pressure is pulsatile in the arteries but steady in the capillaries and veins.
Pressure falls along the circuit with the greatest fall across arterioles.
Volume is greatest in the venous system. At any time most of the blood is in veins

19. The Cardiac Cycle Arterial Pressure Curve Arterial Pressure40
Arterial Pressure Curve
Isovolumetric
Contraction
Relaxation
120
100 60
Electrocardiogram
Ventricular Pressure
Arterial Pressure
Approx. Time
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8 80 10
AV Valve
Opens
Closes
Semi-Lunar
Valve Closes
Valve Opens
Pressure (mm Hg)
Ventricular
Systole
Atrial
Diastole T R P Q S
Filling
Ejection
Phase

20. The cardiac cycle

23. Relationship of myocardial resting sarcomer length (end-diastolic volume) to developed force (peak systolic ventricular pressure) during ventricular contraction in the intact dog heart

24. Pressure-volume loop

25. Pressure-volume loop C D B A
ESV

26. Pressure-volume loop for changing preload

29. DV C = DP DVa DPa = Ca Compliance: Definition:
In regards to aortic mechanics DV or Dva is stroke volume (SV) and DP or DPa is pulse pressure (PP, or Ps-Pd).
DPa =
DVa Ca
For aorta

30. Aortic Pressure Waveform
Dicrotic Notch
Mean Pressure
Systolic
Pulse
Pressure
Diastolic
120
100 80
Systole
Diastole
mm Hg