1. Absolute Monarchs in Europe

2. Absolutism
Form of government that placed absolute, or unlimited power, on the monarch and his or her advisers.
Factors Strengthening Royal Rule:
Decline of feudalism
Rise of Cities
Reformation
Crises in nations

3. Divine Right of Kings
Theory that attempted to justify unlimited royal power:
The king ruled by god’s authority as god’s representative on earth.
Obedience to king was obedience to god.
The king could do no wrong.
An absolute monarch answered only to god, not his subjects.

4. Spain’s Empire and European Absolutism
Powerful Spanish Empire
Charles V

5. Charles V Grandson to Ferdinand and Isabella
Nephew to Catherine of Aragon
Controlled Spain and HRE
Signed Peace of Augsburg
He would divide his empire in two and retire to a monastery.
His brother, Ferdinand, got Austria and HRE
His son, Philip II, got Spain, Americas, and Netherlands

6. Philip II

7. Philip II Issues Faced: Religion: Issues between Muslims & Protestants
Loss of the Netherlands
Spanish Armada
Conflicts with the Ottoman Empire

8. Spanish Armada

9. Spanish Golden Age Monarchs and nobles were great patrons of the Arts
16th and 17th Century lots of achievements in art and literature.
Most well known was:
El greco
Diego Velazquez
Cervantes

10. Spain Weakens Inflation and Taxes Enemies get rich from Spain
Dutch Revolts
Spanish Armada

11. Diego Velazquez

12. El greco

13. Cervantes

14. Cervantes

15. Henry Navarre Became king of France in 1589
He founded the Bourbon Dynasty
Robust, Athletic, Handsome, decisive, fearless, politician
He converted to Catholicism
Promoted religious tolerance
Issued Edict of Nantes
Things he did: rebuilt France, restored monarchy, restored treasury, repaired roads, supported trade and industry, restored discipline to army.

16. Henry Navarre

17. Cardinal Richelieu

18. Cardinal Richelieu Became “ruler” of France
He set out to build an absolute monarch: he limited influence of Huguenots, and weakened the power of the nobles

19. Louis XIV The most powerful French monarch Ruled for 72 years
Known as the Sun King
Longest ruling European monarch
Became king when he was 4. His mother and Mazarin ruled in his place.
Mazarin was hated by the nobles. Louis would come to distrust the nobles.

20. How Louis XIV established absolute power in France.
Limited the power of the nobility.
Increased the power of the intendents.
Controlled the economy.
Regulated worship.
Built a magnificent palace to show his wealth.

21. Versailles:
Home of the
"Sun King"

22. Versailles Statistics
2,000 acres of grounds
12 miles of roads
27 miles of trellises
200,000 trees
210,000 flowers planted every year
80 miles of rows of trees
55 acres surface area of the Grand Canal
12 miles of enclosing walls
50 fountains and 620 fountain nozzles
21 miles of water conduits
3,600 cubic meters per hour: water consumed
26 acres of roof
51,210 square meters of floors
2,153 windows
700 rooms
67 staircases
6,000 paintings
1,500 drawings and 15,000 engravings
2,100 sculptures
5,000 items of furniture and objects d'art
150 varieties of apple and peach trees in the Vegetable Garden

24. Hall of Mirrors

25. Louis’ Wars Dutch War – Louis tries to expand France’s borders.
War of Spanish Succession;
Causes – Louis’ grandson inherited the throne of Spain and other countries banded together to prevent the union of the two powerful nations.
Effects – Phillip could inherit the throne of Spain and France promised not to unite, Britain got Gibraltar, Britain allowed to import enslaved Africans to Spanish colonies, Britain gained French territories in North America, Austrian Hapsburgs took Spanish Netherlands, Prussia and Savoy recognized as independent kingdoms.

26. Legacy of Louis France was a power Art, Literature
France was military leader
Colonies
Debt
Resentment over taxes
Peasants and middle class resent privileges of nobility’
Nobles can’t rule by themselves.

27. Peace of Augsburg- Peace then Tensions
Peace was short lived
Protestants and Catholics continued to be iffy with each other
Protestant Germans weary about Calvinism
Over time Prot. and Cath. tried to gain followers in German States
Alliances formed
30 Year War will occur between the Protestants and Catholics

28. 30 Years War HRE Ferdinand becomes king of Bohemia
Ferdinand was a Hapsburg and a Catholic, most of the people in Bohemia were Protestant
Ferdinand closed Protestant churches
In 1618 a war broke out between Catholics and Protestants

29. Peace of Westphalia Weakened Hapsburgs Strengthened France
Made German princes independent of HRE
Ended religious wars
Came up with of peace talks
Recognized Calvinism
Recognized nations of Europe as equal and independent
Abandoned idea of a Catholic empire

30. Habsburg Dynasty