1. Aim: What were the causes of the Russian Revolution?

2. Key Terms
Autocrat – Ruler with absolute power (Absolute Monarch)
Emancipate – To set free
Duma – Elected representative legislature (i.e. Parliament)
Proletariat – Industrial Working Class/Urban Poor

3. Czarist (Tsarist)Russia
1) Most Populous Nation in Europe
2) Rigid Social Class Structure
Serf Class is Emancipated (Freed)
3) Autocracy – Leader has TOTAL power
4) Czars DO NOT MEET THE NEEDS OF THE PEOPLE
5) Not as Industrialized as Western Europe
GFMNP  REVOLUTION

4. Leaders in Russia Czar or Tsar – Russian Ruler Czar Nicholas II
Brutal Leader
Czar Alexander II
Abolished Serfdom
Czar Alexander III

5. Problems in Russia Citizens are Internally Divided
Only ½ Population is Russian, All have different needs
Not as industrialized as Western Europe
No Voice in Government (No representation)/Needs are not being met
Harsh Working Conditions/Lives for Poor
Russo-Japanese War (lost) + WWI

6. Bloody Sunday
January 22, 1905
200,000 workers approached the czar’s winter palace in St. Petersburg
Petition for:
1) Better Working Conditions
2) More Freedom/Personal Liberties
3) Representation in Government/Elected Legislature
Troops open fire on workers
 Led to More Violence

7. Bloody Sunday

9. Early Reform in Russia 1) Czar Nicholas II created the Duma
Duma – Parliament, Elected Legislature
2) Prime Minister – Peter Stolypin
Cracked down on revolutionaries
Agricultural/Educational Reforms to help peasants

10. World War I 1) Nicholas II moves to the Eastern Front to run army
Tsar Enters War to Unify Nation
TOTAL DISASTER
1) Nicholas II moves to the Eastern Front to run army
No LEADERSHIP  Tsarina is in charge
2) Russian Army is not well equipped (lack of industry)
3) Many young Russians are dying
4) War is expensive/People are starving

12. The March Revolution March 1917 – Women Textile Workers Strike
“Down with the Autocracy, Down with the War”
200,000 Stormed the Streets – Soldiers ordered to shoot rioters but joined them instead
Czar Nicholas II Steps Down
Duma established a Provisional Government headed by Alexander Kerensky (moderate socialist)
Free Elections, Free Speech, Freedom to Assembly and Freedom of Religion

13. November BOLSHEVIK Revolution
V.I. Lenin Leads Bolsheviks
“Peace, Land and Bread”
Bolshevik Red Guards toppled Provisional Government
Bolsheviks in Power
Lenin ordered all farmland to be delivered to peasants
Gave control of factories to workers
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (leaves WWI)

15. Socialism/Marxism in Russia
Karl Marx Philosophy
Proletariat would overthrow government
Proletariat – Industrial Working Class
Russian Marxists Split into 2 Groups:
Mensheviks – Moderate
Bolsheviks – Radical
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin
Socialist Revolutionaries Formed Soviets
Soviets – Local councils of workers, peasants and soldiers

16. Civil War in Russia White Army (Loyalists) vs. Red Army (Communists)
Leon Trotsky Leads Red Army
14 Million Dead
Famine, Fighting, Flu
Lenin Restores Order
RUSSIA= 1st COMMUNIST Nation

19. IMPACT OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
Civil War is won by the BOLSHEVIKS (Communists)
Lenin takes over as Dictator
NEW ECONOMIC POLICY (NEP)
1) Small Scale Capitalism
2) Peasants could sell surplus crops
3) Government kept control of major industries
Country Recovers from Civil War
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)

20. Aim: How did Russia become a Totalitarian State?

21. Totalitarianism
Totalitarian State – A state in which the government controls ALL aspects of its citizens’ lives.
Command Economy – Government officials make all basic economic decisions.
Purges – Attempts to get rid of any DISSENT in society (Violent)
Collectivization – Process of combining all private land and placing it under government control.

22. Features of Totalitarian Rule
Dynamic Leader: A strong leader that provides SIMPLE SOLUTIONS TO COMPLEX PROBLEMS.
Police Terror: Secret police eliminate all opposition, rule through fear.
Indoctrination: “Brainwashing,” imparting specific ideas/fundamentals upon youth.
Propaganda: Government action to influence peoples’ positions or ideas.
Censorship: Government limitation of media

23. Religious/Ethnic Persecution: Targeting of minority groups to eliminate or disenfranchise.
State More Important Than Individual: Individual rights and freedoms are sacrificed for the good of the state.
Autocratic Government/Dictatorship: Powerful government with TOTAL control, one- party dictatorships.

24. Improve Transportation Increase Farm Output
Stalin’s 5 Year Plans
Goals
Build Heavy Industry
Improve Transportation
Increase Farm Output
(COLLECTIVIZATION)

25. Results of the 5 Year Plans
Economic: COMMUNISM, Industrialized, Increased Production, Few Consumer Goods, Central Planning  Surpluses/Shortages
Political: Increased Stalin’s Power-Totalitarianism, Soviet Union becomes a powerful Modern State
Social: Elimination of all dissidents, religious and ethnic persecution, brutal regime (millions killed), no individual rights/freedoms

26. Collectivization in Agriculture
Agriculture Under Government Control (Totalitarian). State Set Prices and Controlled Supplies
Collectives – State owned farms
Goals of COLLECTIVIZATION:
Increase farm/agricultural output
Increase government power.

27. EXTREME Resistance to Collectivization
Kulaks – Wealthy Farmers who resisted Collectivization by killing animals/destroying farm tools.
“De-Kulakization”: Stalin’s Goal was to “Liquidate the Kulaks as a Class”
Government took ALL grain
 Forced Starvation
RESULTS OF COLLECTIVIZATION
1) Famine
2) Increase in Government Power

28. Terror Famine – Forced Famine
Ukrainian Forced Famine
(Terror Famine)
Kulaks = Wealth Farmers, Resisted Collectivization, “Liquidate the Kulaks”
Forced Starvation = Million Dead

29. The Legacy of Joseph Stalin
The Great Purge:
Government sponsored ttacks against anyone that was a threat to power. 8 – 13 Million Dead
Women: Role in workforce expanded, harsh life
Workers: Harsh Conditions, Child Labor, Low Wages, Unions outlawed. Increased Education.
Secret Police: Cheka  KGB, Used violence and terror to create a state of fearful obedience.
**LITTLE/NO INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS

31. Religious Persecution
GOAL: Replace Religion with Communism
Police Destroyed Churches and SynagoguesKilled Clergy
(Russian Orthodox Church)
2. POGROMS – Waves of Violence Against Jews
3. Government Propaganda attacked religion, promoted Atheism

33. Russian Revolution Review Terms
Westernization: The process of becoming industrialized and modernized (like Western Europe)
Socialism: Means of production (businesses) shared by the public.
Communism: Classless society in which means of production are collectively owned. Soviet Union is the 1st communist country.
Command Economy: Economic system in which government controls SUPPLY.
Pogroms: Waves of violence against the Jewish poulation
Absolute Monarchy: Autocracy in which the leader has complete authority.

34. Totalitarian Government: Government that controls ALL aspects of life.
Censorship: Government control of the MEDIA
Famine: Starvation, not enough food; Stalin used a FORCED FAMINE to crush Ukrainian nationalism.
Collective: Large government run farm; Stalin used collectives to increase agricultural production.
Dissent: To oppose; Stalin’s Great Purge attempted to eliminate all dissenters.
Heavy Industry: Major goal of Stalin’s 5 year plans was to build up heavy industry (steel, coal, electricity)
Proletariat: Working class
Soviet: Local organization of workers

35. Commissars-Government Officials
Kulaks: Wealthy aristocratic land owners
Gulag: Forced labor camp, prison
Atheism: Non-believer in religion
Russification: To become like Russia