1. Chapter 3:Decision Structures
Lecture 8: Monday Sept 25,2006

2. Chapter 3:Decision Structures
3.1 The if Statement
3.2 The if-else Statement
3.3 The if-else-if Statement 
3.4 Nested if Statements 
3.5 Logical Operators
3.6 Comparing String Objects
3.7 More About Variable Declaration and Scope
3.9 The switch Statement
3.10 Creating Objects with the DecimalFormat Class
3.12 Common Errors to Avoid

3. Nested if Statements
If an if statement appears inside of another if statement (single or block) it is called a nested if statement.
The nested if is only executed if the if statement it is in results in a true condition.
Nested if statements can get very complex, very quickly.

4. LoanQualifier.java double salary, yearsOnJob; String input;
input = JOptionPane.showInputDialog("Enter your " + "annual salary.");
salary = Double.parseDouble(input);
input = JOptionPane.showInputDialog("Enter the number of " +"years at your current job.");
yearsOnJob = Double.parseDouble(input);

5. LoanQualifier.java if (salary >= 30000) { if (yearsOnJob >= 2) {
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "You qualify " + "for the loan."); }
else {
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "You must have " "been on your current job for at least " +
"two years to qualify.");
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "You must earn at” + “least $30,000 per year to qualify.");

6. Nested if Statement Flowcharts
Wear a jacket.
Yes
Is it cold
outside?
Wear shorts.
Is it
snowing?
Wear a parka. No

7. if-else Matching
Curly brace use is not required if there is only one statement to be conditionally executed.
However, sometimes curly braces can help make the program more readable.
Additionally, proper indentation makes it much easier to match up else statements with their corresponding if statement.

8. if-else Matching if (employed == 'y') { This else
if (recentGrad == 'y')
System.out.println("You qualify for the special interest rate."); }
else
System.out.println("You must be a recent college graduate to qualify.");
System.out.println("You must be employed to qualify.");
This else
matches
with this
if.
This else
matches
with this
if.

9. Nested if Statements
If an if statement appears inside of another if statement (single or block) it is called a nested if statement.
The nested if is only executed if the if statement it is in results in a true condition.
Nested if statements can get very complex, very quickly.

10. LoanQualifier.java double salary, yearsOnJob; String input;
input = JOptionPane.showInputDialog("Enter your " + "annual salary.");
salary = Double.parseDouble(input);
input = JOptionPane.showInputDialog("Enter the number of " +"years at your current job.");
yearsOnJob = Double.parseDouble(input);

11. LoanQualifier.java if (salary >= 30000) { if (yearsOnJob >= 2) {
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "You qualify " + "for the loan."); }
else {
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "You must have " "been on your current job for at least " +
"two years to qualify.");
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "You must earn at” + “least $30,000 per year to qualify.");

12. Nested if Statement Flowcharts
Wear a jacket.
Yes
Is it cold
outside?
Wear shorts.
Is it
snowing?
Wear a parka. No

13. if-else Matching
Curly brace use is not required if there is only one statement to be conditionally executed.
However, sometimes curly braces can help make the program more readable.
Additionally, proper indentation makes it much easier to match up else statements with their corresponding if statement.

14. if-else Matching if (employed == 'y') { This else
if (recentGrad == 'y')
System.out.println("You qualify for the special interest rate."); }
else
System.out.println("You must be a recent college graduate to qualify.");
System.out.println("You must be employed to qualify.");
This else
matches
with this
if.
This else
matches
with this
if.

15. Logical Operators
Java provides two binary logical operators (&& and ||) that are used to combine boolean expressions.
Java also provides one unary (!) logical operator to reverse the truth of a boolean expression.

16. Logical Operators Operator Meaning Effect && AND
Connects two boolean expressions into one. Both expressions must be true for the overall expression to be true. || OR
Connects two boolean expressions into one. One or both expressions must be true for the overall expression to be true. It is only necessary for one to be true, and it does not matter which one. !
NOT
The ! operator reverses the truth of a boolean expression. If it is applied to an expression that is true, the operator returns false. If it is applied to an expression that is false, the operator returns true.

17. The && Operator
The logical AND operator (&&) takes two operands that must both be boolean expressions.
The resulting combined expression is true iff (if and only if) both operands are true.
Expression 1
Expression 2
Expression1 && Expression2
true
false

18. LogicalAND double salary; // Annual salary
double yearsOnJob; // Years at current job
String input; // To hold string input
input = JOptionPane.showInputDialog("Enter your " "annual salary.")
salary = Double.parseDouble(input);
input = JOptionPane.showInputDialog( "Enter the number of " +"years at your current job.");
yearsOnJob = Double.parseDouble(input);

19. LogicalAND // Determine whether the user qualifies for the loan.
if (salary >= && yearsOnJob >= 2) {
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "You qualify " "for the loan."); }
else
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,
"You do not " + "qualify for the loan.");

20. The || Operator
The logical OR operator (||) takes two operands that must both be boolean expressions.
The resulting combined expression is false iff (if and only if) both operands are false.
Expression 1
Expression 2
Expression1 || Expression2
true
false

21. LogicalOR double salary; // Annual salary
double yearsOnJob; // Years at current job
String input; // To hold string input
input = JOptionPane.showInputDialog("Enter your " "annual salary.")
salary = Double.parseDouble(input);
input = JOptionPane.showInputDialog( "Enter the number of " +"years at your current job.");
yearsOnJob = Double.parseDouble(input);

22. LogicalOR // Determine whether the user qualifies for the loan.
if (salary >= || yearsOnJob >= 2) {
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,
"You qualify " +"for the loan."); }
else
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "You do not " + "qualify for the loan.");

23. The ! Operator The ! operator performs a logical NOT operation.
If an expression is true, !expression will be false.
if (!(temperature > 100))
System.out.println(“Below the maximum temperature.");
If temperature > 100 evaluates to false, then the output statement will be run.
Expression 1
!Expression1
true
false

24. Short Circuiting
Logical AND and logical OR operations perform short-circuit evaluation of expressions.
Logical AND will evaluate to false as soon as it sees that one of its operands is a false expression.
Logical OR will evaluate to true as soon as it sees that one of its operands is a true expression.

25. Order of Precedence
The ! operator has a higher order of precedence than the && and || operators.
The && and || operators have a lower precedence than relational operators like < and >.
Parenthesis can be used to force the precedence to be changed.

26. Order of Precedence Order of Precedence Operators Description 1
(unary negation) !
Unary negation, logical NOT 2
* / %
Multiplication, Division, Modulus 3
+ -
Addition, Subtraction 4
< > <= >=
Less-than, Greater-than, Less-than or equal to, Greater-than or equal to 5
== !=
Is equal to, Is not equal to 6
&&
Logical AND 7 ||
Logical NOT 8
= += -=
*= /= %=
Assignment and combined assignment operators.

27. Comparing String Objects
In most cases, you cannot use the relational operators to compare two String objects.
Reference variables contain the address of the object they represent.
Unless the references point to the same object, the relational operators will not return true.
StringCompareTo.java

28. StringCompare.java String name1 = "Mark", name2 = "Mark",
name3 = "Mary";
// Compare "Mark" and "Mark"
if (name1.equals(name2)) {
System.out.println(name1 + " and " + name2 +
" are the same."); }
else
" are the NOT the same.");

29. StringCompare.java // Compare "Mark" and "Mary"
if (name1.equals(name3)) {
System.out.println(name1 + " and " + name3 +
" are the same."); }
else
" are the NOT the same.");

30. StringCompareTo.java String name1 = "Mary", name2 = "Mark";
// Compare "Mary" and "Mark"
if (name1.compareTo(name2) < 0) {
System.out.println(name1 + " is less than " + name2); }
else if (name1.compareTo(name2) == 0)
System.out.println(name1 + " is equal to " + name2);
else if (name1.compareTo(name2) > 0)
System.out.println(name1 + " is greater than " + name2);

31. Ignoring Case in String Comparisons
In the String class the equals and compareTo methods are case sensitive.
In order to compare two String objects that might have different case, use:
equalsIgnoreCase, or
compareToIgnoreCase

32. SecretWord.java if (input.equalsIgnoreCase("PROSPERO")) {
System.out.println("Congratulations!” + “You know the“ + “ secret word!"); }
else
System.out.println("Sorry, that is NOT” “the " +"secret word!");

33. Variable Scope
In Java, a local variable does not have to be declared at the beginning of the method.
The scope of a local variable begins at the point it is declared and terminates at the end of the method.
When a program enters a section of code where a variable has scope, that variable has come into scope, which means the variable is visible to the program.
Example: VariableScope.java

34. The Conditional Operator
The conditional operator is a ternary (three operand) operator.
The conditional operator allows a programmer to write a simple if-else type statement.
The format of the operators is:
expression1 ? expression2 : expression3
The conditional operator can also return a value.

35. The Conditional Operator
The conditional operator can be used as a shortened if-else statement:
x > y ? z = 10 : z = 5;
This line is functionally equivalent to:
if(x > )
z = 10;
else
z = 5;

36. The Conditional Operator
Many times, the conditional operator is used to supply a value.
number = x > y ? 10 : 5;
This is functionally equivalent to:
if(x > y)
number = 10;
else
number = 5;
Example: ConsultantCharges.java

37. The switch Statement
The if-else statements allow the programmer to make true / false branches.
The switch statement allows the programmer to use an ordinal value to determine how a program will branch.
The switch statement can evaluate an integer type or character type variable and make decisions based on the value.

38. The switch Statement The switch statement takes the form:
switch (SwitchExpression) {
case CaseExpression:
// place one or more statements here
break;
// case statements may be repeated
//as many times as necessary
default: }

39. The switch Statement
The switch statement takes an ordinal value (byte, short, int, long, char) as the SwitchExpression.
switch (SwitchExpression) { … }
The switch statement will evaluate the expression.
If there is an associated case statement that matches that value, program execution will be transferred to that case statement.

40. The switch Statement
Each case statement will have a corresponding CaseExpression that must be unique.
case CaseExpression:
// place one or more statements here
break;
If the SwitchExpression matches the CaseExpression, the Java statements between the colon and the break statement will be executed.

41. The switch Case The break statement ends the case statement.
The break statement is optional.
If a case does not contain a break, then program execution continues into the next case.
Example: NoBreaks.java
Example: PetFood.java
The default case is optional and will be executed if no CaseExpression matches the SwitchExpression.
Example: SwitchDemo.java