Chapter 11 Nervous System II: Divisions of the Nervous System

Chapter 11 Nervous System II: Divisions of the Nervous System
Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology Twelfth Edition Shier w Butler w Lewis Chapter 11 Nervous System II: Divisions of the Nervous System Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

11.1: Introduction The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brainstem connects the brain to the spinal cord. Communication to the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is by way of the spinal cord.

11.2: Meninges The meninges Membranes of CNS Protect the CNS
Three (3) layers: Dura mater “Tough mother” Venous sinuses Arachnoid mater “Spiderweb-like” Space contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Pia mater “Faithful mother” Encapsulates blood vessels Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Skin Scalp Subcutaneous tissue Cranium Bone of skull Cerebrum Dural sinus (superior sagittal sinus) Tentorium cerebelli Arachnoid granulation Dura mater Cerebellum Arachnoid mater Meninges Vertebra Pia mater Spinal cord Subarachnoid space Falx cerebri Meninges Gray matter White matter Cerebrum (a) (b)

Meninges of the Spinal Cord
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Spinal cord Ventral root Subarachnoid space Pia mater Dorsal root Spinal nerve Arachnoid mater Epidural space Dorsal root ganglion Dura mater Dorsal root Dorsal branch (dorsal ramus) Spinal nerve Ventral branch (ventral ramus) Dorsal root ganglion Spinal cord Ventral root Epidural space Thoracic vertebra Body of vertebra (a) (b)

11.3: Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid
There are four (4) ventricles The ventricles are interconnected cavities within cerebral hemispheres and brain stem The ventricles are continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord They are filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Lateral ventricle Interventricular foramen Third ventricle Cerebral aqueduct Fourth ventricle To central canal of spinal cord The four (4) ventricles are: Lateral ventricles (2) Known as the first and second ventricles Third ventricle Fourth ventricle Interventricular foramen Cerebral aqueduct (a) Interventricular foramen Lateral ventricle Third ventricle Cerebral aqueduct Fourth ventricle To central canal of spinal cord (b)

Cerebrospinal Fluid Circulates in ventricles, central canal of spinal cord, and the subarachnoid space Completely surrounds the brain and spinal cord Excess or wasted CSF is absorbed by the arachnoid villi Clear fluid similar to blood plasma Nutritive and protective Helps maintain stable ion concentrations in the CNS Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Arachnoid granulations Blood-filled dural sinus Choroid plexuses of third ventricle Pia mater Third ventricle Subarachnoid space Cerebral aqueduct Arachnoid mater Fourth ventricle Dura mater Choroid plexus of fourth ventricle Central canal of spinal cord Pia mater Subarachnoid space Filum terminale Arachnoid mater Dura mater

11.4: Spinal Cord Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Slender column of nervous tissue continuous with brain and brainstem Extends downward through vertebral canal Brainstem Foramen magnum Cervical enlargement Cervical enlargement Spinal cord Vertebral canal Lumbar enlargement Lumbar enlargement Conus medullaris Conus medullaris Cauda equina Filum terminale (a) (b)

Structure of the Spinal Cord
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Posterior horn Posterior funiculus White matter Posterior median sulcus Gray matter Gray commissure Lateral funiculus Dorsal root of spinal nerve Central canal Anterior funiculus Dorsal root ganglion Ventral root of spinal nerve Anterior horn Anterior median fissure Portion of spinal nerve (a)

Reflex Arcs Reflexes are automatic, subconscious responses to stimuli within or outside the body Simple reflex arc (sensory – motor) Most common reflex arc (sensory – association – motor) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Sensory or afferent neuron Motor or efferent neuron Central Nervous System Receptor Effector (muscle or gland) 12 (a)

Reflex Arcs

General Components of a Spinal Reflex
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Spinal cord Interneuron Dorsal 1 Receptor 3 Cell body of sensory neuron White matter 2 Sensory neuron Gray matter I m p u l s e 4 Ventral Central canal Motor neuron 5 Effector (muscle or gland) (b)

Reflex Behavior Example is the knee-jerk reflex
Simple monosynaptic reflex Helps maintain an upright posture Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Axon of sensory neuron Spinal cord Cell body of sensory neuron Effector (quadriceps femoris muscle group) Cell body of motor neuron Receptor associated with dendrites of sensory neuron Axon of motor neuron Patella Direction of impulse Patellar ligament

Reflex Behavior Example is a withdrawal reflex
Prevents or limits tissue damage Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cell body of sensory neuron Axon of sensory neuron Direction of impulse Interneuron Spinal cord Effector (flexor muscle contracts and withdraws part being stimulated) Axon of motor neuron Cell body of motor neuron Dendrite of sensory neuron Pain receptor in skin Tack

Reflex Arc Example crossed extensor reflex
Crossing of sensory impulses within the reflex center to produce an opposite effect Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Interneuron + = Stimulation – = Inhibition + – – + Sensory neuron Extensor relaxes Extensor contracts Flexor relaxes Motor neurons Motor neurons Flexor contracts 17

Tracts of the Spinal Cord
Ascending tracts conduct sensory impulses to the brain Descending tracts conduct motor impulses from the brain to motor neurons reaching muscles and glands Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fasciculus gracilis Dorsal column Fasciculus cuneatus Posterior spinocerebellar tract Lateral corticospinal tract Lateral reticulospinal tract Rubrospinal tract Anterior spinocerebellar tract Lateral spinothalamic tract Anterolateral system Anterior spinothalamic tract Anterior reticulospinal tract Medial reticulospinal tract Anterior corticospinal tract

Ascending Tracts Major ascending (sensory) spinal cord tracts:
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Major ascending (sensory) spinal cord tracts: Fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus Spinothalamic tracts Lateral and anterior Spinocerebellar tracts Posterior and anterior Sensory cortex of cerebrum Cerebrum (frontal section) Thalamus Midbrain Spinothalamic tract Brainstem (transverse sections) Pons Fasciculus cuneatus tract Sensory impulse from skin temperature or pain receptors Medulla Spinal cord (transverse section) Sensory fibers cross over

Descending Tracts Major descending (motor) spinal cord tracts:
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Major descending (motor) spinal cord tracts: Corticospinal tracts Lateral and anterior Reticulospinal tracts Lateral, anterior and medial Rubrospinal tract Motor cortex of cerebrum Cerebrum (frontal section) Corticospinal tract Midbrain Brainstem (transverse sections) Pons Motor fibers cross over Medulla oblongata Spinal cord (transverse section) Motor impulse to skeletal muscle

11.3 Clinical Application Spinal Cord Injuries

11.5: Brain Functions of the brain: Interprets sensations Determines perception Stores memory Reasoning Makes decisions Coordinates muscular movements Regulates visceral activities Determines personality Major parts of the brain: Cerebrum Frontal lobes Parietal lobes Occipital lobes Temporal lobes Insula Diencephalon Cerebellum Brainstem Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata

b: © Martin M. Rotker/Photo Researchers, Inc.
The Brain Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Gyrus Skull Sulcus Meninges Cerebrum Corpus callosum Diencephalon Midbrain Fornix Brainstem Pons Medulla oblongata Cerebellum Spinal cord (a) Fornix Cerebrum Midbrain Corpus callosum Pons Transverse fissure Diencephalon Cerebellum Medulla oblongata Spinal cord b: © Martin M. Rotker/Photo Researchers, Inc. (b)

Brain Development Neural tube Three primary vesicles: Forebrain
(Prosencephalon) Midbrain (Mesencephalon) Hindbrain (Rhombencephalon) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Prosencephalon (forebrain) Mesencephalon (midbrain) Rhombencephalon (hindbrain) Neural tube (a) Telencephalon Cerebral hemispheres Diencephalon Diencephalon Mesencephalon Midbrain Metencephalon Pons and Cerebellum Myelencephalon Medulla oblongata Neural tube Spinal cord (b) (c)

Structure of the Cerebrum
Corpus callosum Connects cerebral hemispheres (a commissure) Gyri Bumps or convolutions Sulci Grooves in gray matter Central sulcus of Rolando Fissures Longitudinal: separates the cerebral hemispheres Transverse: separates cerebrum from cerebellum Lateral fissure of Sylvius Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Central sulcus Parietal lobe Gyrus Sulcus Frontal lobe Lateral sulcus Occipital lobe Temporal lobe Transverse fissure Cerebellar hemisphere (a) Central sulcus Parietal lobe Central sulcus Longitudinal fissure Occipital lobe Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Insula Occipital lobe Retracted temporal lobe (b) (c)

Lobes of the Cerebrum Five (5) lobes bilaterally: Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe Temporal lobe Occipital lobe Insula aka ‘Island of Reil’ Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Central sulcus Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Frontal lobe Insula Retracted temporal lobe (c)

Functions of the Cerebrum
Interpreting impulses Initiating voluntary movements Storing information as memory Retrieving stored information Reasoning Seat of intelligence and personality

Functional Regions of the Cerebral Cortex
Thin layer of gray matter that constitutes the outermost portion of cerebrum Contains 75% of all neurons in the nervous system Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Central sulcus Motor areas involved with the control of voluntary muscles Sensory areas involved with cutaneous and other senses Concentration, planning, problem solving Frontal eye field Parietal lobe Auditory area Sensory speech area ( Wernicke’s area) Front lobe Occipital lobe Motor speech area (Broca’s area) Combining visual images, visual recognition of objects Lateral sulcus Interpretation of auditory patterns Visual area Cerebellum Temporal lobe Brainstem

Functions of the Cerebral Lobes

Sensory Areas (post-central sulcus)
Sensory area for taste Near base of the central sulcus Sensory area for smell Arises from centers deep within the cerebrum Cutaneous sensory area Parietal lobe Interprets sensations on skin Visual area Occipital lobe Interprets vision Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Central sulcus Motor areas involved with the control of voluntary muscles Sensory areas involved with cutaneous and other senses Concentration, planning, problem solving Frontal eye field Parietal lobe Auditory area Temporal lobe Interprets hearing Auditory area Sensory speech area ( Wernicke’s area) Front lobe Occipital lobe Motor speech area (Broca’s area) Combining visual images, visual recognition of objects Lateral sulcus Interpretation of auditory patterns Visual area Cerebellum Temporal lobe Brainstem

Sensory Areas Trunk Pelvis Trunk Arm Neck Pelvis Thigh Forearm Forearm
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Trunk Pelvis Trunk Arm Neck Pelvis Thigh Forearm Forearm Arm Thigh Thumb, fingers, and hand Leg Hand, fingers, and thumb Leg Upper face Foot and toes Facial expression Foot and toes Genitals Lips Salivation Vocalization Mastication Teeth and gums Tongue and pharynx Swallowing Longitudinal fissure Longitudinal fissure (a) Motor area (b) Sensory area Frontal lobe Motor area Sensory area Central sulcus Parietal lobe

Sensory Areas (post-central sulcus)

Association Areas Regions that are not primary motor or primary sensory areas Analyze and interpret sensory experiences Provide memory, reasoning, verbalization, judgment, emotions Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Central sulcus Motor areas involved with the control of voluntary muscles Sensory areas involved with cutaneous and other senses Concentration, planning, problem solving Frontal eye field Parietal lobe Auditory area Sensory speech area ( Wernicke’s area) Front lobe Occipital lobe Motor speech area (Broca’s area) Combining visual images, visual recognition of objects Lateral sulcus Visual area Interpretation of auditory patterns Cerebellum Temporal lobe Brainstem

Association Areas Frontal lobe association areas Concentrating
Planning Complex problem solving Temporal lobe association areas Interpret complex sensory experiences Store memories of visual scenes, music, and complex patterns Parietal lobe association areas Understanding speech Choosing words to express thought Occipital lobe association areas Analyze and combine visual images with other sensory experiences

Hemisphere Dominance The left hemisphere is dominant in most individuals Dominant hemisphere controls: Speech Writing Reading Verbal skills Analytical skills Computational skills Nondominant hemisphere controls: Nonverbal tasks Motor tasks Understanding and interpreting musical and visual patterns Provides emotional and intuitive thought processes

Memory Short term memory Working memory Closed neuronal circuit
Circuit is stimulated over and over When impulse flow ceases, memory does also unless it enters long-term memory via memory consolidation Long term memory Changes structure or function of neurons Enhances synaptic transmission

Traumatic Brain Injury
11.4 Clinical Application Traumatic Brain Injury

Diencephalon Between cerebral hemispheres and above the brainstem
Surrounds the third ventricle Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Superior colliculus Thalamus Epithalamus Hypothalamus Optic tracts Optic chiasm Infundibulum Posterior pituitary Mammillary bodies Pineal gland Corpora quadrigemina Inferior colliculus Optic chiasma Optic nerve Pituitary gland Thalamus Mammillary body Optic tract Third ventricle Pons Cerebral peduncles Pineal gland Fourth ventricle Pyramidal tract Olive Cerebellar peduncles Medulla oblongata Spinal cord (a) (b)

Diencephalon Thalamus
Gateway for sensory impulses heading to cerebral cortex Receives all sensory impulses (except smell) Channels impulses to appropriate part of cerebral cortex for interpretation Hypothalamus Maintains homeostasis by regulating visceral activities Links nervous and endocrine systems (hence some say the neuroendocrine system

Diencephalon The Limbic System Consists of: Portions of frontal lobe
Portions of temporal lobe Hypothalamus Thalamus Basal nuclei Other deep nuclei Functions: Controls emotions Produces feelings Interprets sensory impulses

Brainstem Three parts: Midbrain Pons Medulla Oblongata Hypothalamus
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Hypothalamus Three parts: Midbrain Pons Medulla Oblongata Diencephalon Thalamus Corpus callosum Corpora quadrigemina Midbrain Cerebral aqueduct Pons Reticular formation Medulla oblongata Spinal cord

Midbrain Between diencephalon and pons
Contains bundles of fibers that join lower parts of brainstem and spinal cord with higher part of brain Cerebral aqueduct Cerebral peduncles (bundles of nerve fibers) Corpora quadrigemina (centers for visual and auditory reflexes) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Superior colliculus Corpora quadrigemina Inferior colliculus Optic chiasma Optic nerve Pituitary gland Thalamus Mammillary body Optic tract Third ventricle Pons Cerebral peduncles Pineal gland Fourth ventricle Pyramidal tract Olive Cerebellar peduncles Medulla oblongata Spinal cord (a) (b)

Pons Rounded bulge on underside of brainstem
Between medulla oblongata and midbrain Helps regulate rate and depth of breathing Relays nerve impulses to and from medulla oblongata and cerebellum Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Superior colliculus Corpora quadrigemina Inferior colliculus Optic chiasma Optic nerve Pituitary gland Thalamus Mammillary body Optic tract Third ventricle Pons Cerebral peduncles Pineal gland Fourth ventricle Pyramidal tract Olive Cerebellar peduncles Medulla oblongata Spinal cord (a) (b)

Medulla Oblongata Enlarged continuation of spinal cord
Conducts ascending and descending impulses between brain and spinal cord Contains cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory control centers Contains various nonvital reflex control centers (coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and vomiting) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Superior colliculus Corpora quadrigemina Inferior colliculus Optic chiasma Optic nerve Pituitary gland Thalamus Mammillary body Optic tract Third ventricle Pons Cerebral peduncles Pineal gland Fourth ventricle Pyramidal tract Olive Cerebellar peduncles Medulla oblongata Spinal cord (a) (b)

Types of Sleep Slow wave Non-REM sleep Person is tired
Decreasing activity of reticular system Restful Dreamless Reduced blood pressure and respiratory rate Ranges from light to heavy Alternates with REM sleep Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Paradoxical sleep Some areas of brain active Heart and respiratory rates irregular Dreaming occurs

Cerebellum Inferior to occipital lobes
Posterior to pons and medulla oblongata Two hemispheres Vermis connects hemispheres Cerebellar cortex (gray matter) Arbor vitae (white matter) Cerebellar peduncles (nerve fiber tracts) Dentate nucleus (largest nucleus in cerebellum) Integrates sensory information concerning position of body parts Coordinates skeletal muscle activity Maintains posture Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Longitudinal fissure Corpus callosum Thalamus Superior peduncle Cerebellum Pons Middle peduncle Inferior peduncle Medulla oblongata

Major Parts of the Brain

11.6: Peripheral Nervous System
Cranial nerves arising from the brain Somatic fibers connecting to the skin and skeletal muscles Autonomic fibers connecting to viscera Spinal nerves arising from the spinal cord Somatic fibers connecting to the skin and skeletal muscles Autonomic fibers connecting to viscera

Nervous System Subdivisions

Structure of a Peripheral Nerve
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fascicle Peripheral nerve Epineurium Motor neuron ending Axon Perineurium Endoneurium Node of Ranvier Schwann cell Sensory receptor Myelin sheath Neurilemma

Nerve and Nerve Fiber Classification
Sensory nerves Conduct impulses into brain or spinal cord Motor nerves Conduct impulses to muscles or glands Mixed (both sensory and motor) nerves Contain both sensory nerve fibers and motor nerve fibers Most nerves are mixed nerves ALL spinal nerves are mixed nerves (except the first pair)

Cranial Nerves Olfactory bulb Olfactory (I) Olfactory tract Optic (II)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Olfactory bulb Olfactory (I) Olfactory tract Optic (II) Optic tract Oculomotor (III) Trochlear (IV) Trigeminal (V) Vestibulocochlear (VIII) Abducens (VI) Hypoglossal (XII) Facial (VII) Vagus (X) Glossopharyngeal (IX) Accessory (XI)

Cranial Nerves Remember: Cranial nerves are designated ‘C N’
Cranial nerves are designated with Roman numerals (I – XII)

Cranial Nerves I and II Olfactory nerve (CN I) Sensory nerve
Fibers transmit impulses associated with smell Optic nerve (CN II) Sensory nerve Fibers transmit impulses associated with vision

Cranial Nerves III and IV
Oculomotor nerve (CN III) Primarily motor nerve Motor impulses to muscles that: Raise eyelids Move the eyes Focus lens Adjust light entering eye Some sensory Proprioceptors Trochlear nerve (CN IV) Primarily motor nerve Motor impulses to muscles that move the eyes Some sensory Proprioceptors

Cranial Nerve V Trigeminal nerve (CN V) Mixed nerve
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Trigeminal nerve (CN V) Mixed nerve “Three (3) sisters” (1) Ophthalmic division Sensory from surface of eyes, tear glands, scalp, forehead, and upper eyelids (2) Maxillary division Sensory from upper teeth, upper gum, upper lip, palate, and skin of face (3) Mandibular division Sensory from scalp, skin of jaw, lower teeth, lower gum, and lower lip Motor to muscles of mastication and muscles in floor of mouth Lacrimal nerve Ophthalmic division Lacrimal gland Eye Maxillary division Infraorbital nerve Mandibular division Maxilla Lingual nerve Inferior alveolar nerve Tongue Mental nerve Mandible

Cranial Nerves VI and VII
Abducens nerve (CN VI) Primarily motor nerve Motor impulses to muscles that move the eyes Some sensory Proprioceptors Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Temporal nerve Zygomatic nerve Facial nerve (CN VII) Mixed nerve Sensory from taste receptors Motor to muscles of facial expression, tear glands, and salivary glands Buccal nerve Facial nerve Posterior auricular nerve Parotid salivary gland Mandibular nerve Cervical nerve 68

Cranial Nerves VIII and IX
Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) Aka acoustic or auditory nerve Sensory nerve Two (2) branches: Vestibular branch Sensory from equilibrium receptors of ear Cochlear branch Sensory from hearing receptors Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) Mixed nerve Sensory from pharynx, tonsils, tongue and carotid arteries Motor to salivary glands and muscles of pharynx

Cranial Nerve X Vagus nerve (CN X) Mixed nerve
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Vagus nerve (CN X) Mixed nerve Somatic motor to muscles of speech and swallowing Autonomic motor to viscera of thorax and abdomen Sensory from pharynx, larynx, esophagus, and viscera of thorax and abdomen Meningeal branch Superior ganglion of vagus nerve Auricular branch Pharyngeal branch Inferior ganglion of vagus nerve Palate Nerve XI Superior laryngeal nerve Nerve XII Carotid body Recurrent laryngeal nerve Left vagus nerve Cardiac nerves Lung Heart Stomach Liver Spleen Pancreas Kidney Small intestine Large intestine

Cranial Nerves XI and XII
Accessory nerve (CN XI) Primarily motor nerve We called this “Spinal” Accessory because: Cranial branch Motor to muscles of soft palate, pharynx and larynx Spinal branch Motor to muscles of neck and back Some sensory Proprioceptor Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) Primarily motor Motor to muscles of the tongue Some sensory Proprioceptor

Functions of Cranial Nerves

Spinal Nerves ALL are mixed nerves (except the first pair)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. ALL are mixed nerves (except the first pair) 31 pairs of spinal nerves: 8 cervical nerves (C1 to C8) 12 thoracic nerves (T1 to T12) 5 lumbar nerves (L1 to L5) 5 sacral nerves (S1 to S5) 1 coccygeal nerve (Co or Cc) Posterior view C1 C2 C3 C4 Cervical nerves C5 C6 C7 C8 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 Thoracic nerves T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 L1 Cauda equina L2 L3 Lumbar nerves L4 L5 S1 S2 S3 Sacral nerves S4 S5 Co Coccygeal nerve

11.7: Autonomic Nervous System
Functions without conscious effort Controls visceral activities Regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands Efferent fibers typically lead to ganglia outside of the CNS Two autonomic divisions regulate: Sympathetic division (speeds up) Prepares body for ‘fight or flight’ situations Parasympathetic division (slows down) Prepares body for ‘resting and digesting’ activities

Control of Autonomic Activity
Controlled largely by CNS Medulla oblongata regulates cardiac, vasomotor and respiratory activities Hypothalamus regulates visceral functions, such as body temperature, hunger, thirst, and water and electrolyte balance Limbic system and cerebral cortex control emotional responses

11.8: Lifespan Changes Brain cells begin to die before birth
Over average lifetime, brain shrinks 10% Most cell death occurs in temporal lobes By age 90, frontal cortex has lost half its neurons Number of dendritic branches decreases Decreased levels of neurotransmitters Fading memory Slowed responses and reflexes Increased risk of falling Changes in sleep patterns that result in fewer sleeping hours

Chapter 11 Nervous System II: Divisions of the Nervous System

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Chapter 11 Nervous System II: Divisions of the Nervous System

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