1. Non-seed tracheophytes
Phylum:Pteridophyta-True Ferns

2. Phylum: Pteridophytes -True Ferns…
Sporophyte dominant and long-lived
Leaves are large, called fronds
The following steles occur : protostele (all types) and siphonostele (all types)
Spores are borne in sporangia on the underside of leaves (fronds).

3. True Ferns…
In some ferns, sporangia are borne on special branches rather than on ordinary foliage leaves
Sporangia usually clustered into sori (sorus)
Sporangium consist of annulus ( cells with thick walls) and stomium cells (with weak walls)
Spores dispersed under dry condition by breaking of stomium cells

4. True Ferns… Only one kind of spores are produced in most (homosporous)
One kind of gametophyte which bears both antheridia and archegonia.
A few ferns, including a small group called water ferns, are heterosporous.

5. True ferns… Gametophyte Formed by germination of spores
small, usually heart-shaped
Antheridia and archegonia on same gametophyte
Ferns still require water for fertilization
Ferns are thought to be the group which gave rise to the seed plants.

6. Phylum: Pteridophyta- Fern allies
1) Horse tails
Sporophyte consists of a stem with small leaves arranged in groups on a node
Stele is a eustele
Spores in sporangia arranged in terminal cones or strobilus
Plants are homosporous
Gametophytes very small
Only one genus is living- Equisetum

7. Fern allies… 2) whisk ferns Most members extinct- fossil record only
Two living genera- Psilotum & Tmesipteris
Sporophyte- dichotomously branched stem with very small scale-like leaves (no v.tis)
Has also underground stem (rhizome)
Stele a protostele (actinostele). only in stem

8. Whisk ferns…
Fertile shoots bear lobed synangium produced by fusion of 3 sporangia
Homosporous
Spores germinate to produce underground saprophytic gametophyte
Archegonia and antheridia develop on same gametophyte