1. Democratic-Republicans Take Power
The Age of Jefferson

2. Election of 1800 Dem-Republican 1801-1809 V.P.s Aaron Burr
George Clinton
Remember, Jefferson was Adams’ V.P.

3. Republican Principles
Dem-Republicans considered the election to be a true revolution
A revolution in principles
Set-out to do things VERY differently
Abandoned Alien and Sedition Acts
Abandoned excise taxes on stamps, land, and alcohol
Retire the national debt by paying it down

4. Jefferson’s Policies
Believed that the strength of the US was its independent farmers
If most people owned their own land they would fight to protect it
Believed in small federal government
Distrusted standing armies

5. Reducing the National Debt
National debt was $80 million when Jefferson took office, $57 million in 1809
Cut military costs by reducing the size of the army and navy
Cut federal bureaucracy (departments and personnel
Cut taxes
Increased revenues through increased importation of foreign goods
Increased revenues through sale of federal lands as Americans moved west

6. John Marshall’s Supreme Court
Jefferson took office in 1801(Dem-Rep)
John Marshall became Chief Justice (Fed). Appointed by out-going President Adams
Didn’t like each other
John Marshall extremely influential
Supreme Court (Chief Justice—leader)
Federal Government (SC determines constitutionality of federal laws)
35 years on SC, 1,000 court decisions; ½ he wrote
More than any other SC Justice in US history

7. Supreme Court today

8. Marshall’s 4-Point Legacy
Judicial Review
Power to review the acts of Congress and the President to determine if they are constitutional
Federal Laws superior to State Laws
Broad (loose) interpretation of the Constitution
Implied powers
Marbury v. Madison

9. Marbury V. Madison 1803, Marshall asserted power of Judicial Review
Before leaving office Adams appointed hundreds of people to positions
Tried to lock Jefferson out of appointing process
One of those appointments was William Marbury
Some appointments were not finalized when Jefferson took office
Marbury’s appointment was not finalized
Madison (Sec of State) refused to deliver the paperwork
Marbury complained to the Supreme Court
Marshall ruled in favor of Madison by declaring part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional
Dem-Rep got what they wanted (Marbury blocked), but it came at a price--
Supreme Court gained a whole lot of power

10. The Nation Expands
The Louisiana Territory

11. Eyeing the Louisiana Territory
Jefferson believed that the strength of the US was its independent farmers
If most people owned their own land they would fight to protect it
Land ownership freed white (men) people from dependence
But with population doubling every 25 years, US was running out of land
Jefferson looked westward

12. From Spanish to French Control
Prior to 1801, area west of the Mississippi river was owned by Spain
Jefferson believed it would be easily conquered
Few Spanish colonists
Spanish Empire weak
Spanish distracted by war in Europe
1801, French military dictator, Napoleon Bonaparte took control of Louisiana Territory
Threatened to block US access to New Orleans

13. Why Not Purchase New Orleans?
Wanted to avoid war
Offered to buy New Orleans from French
James Monroe (Dem-Rep Congressman) and Robert Livingston (Ambassador to France) met with Napoleon
Napoleon was receptive
He had problems in Haiti; army defeated by slave rebels
He needed money--$15 million

14. Jefferson’s Embarrassment
Purchase violated his principles of
Small federal government and
Strict interpretation of the Constitution
Constitution did NOT authorize the President to purchase a territory from another country

15. Lewis and Clark Expedition
In 1804 Meriweather Lewis and William Clark set out to explore the territory

16. Jefferson’s Foreign Troubles

17. Fighting the Barbary War
Impressments and Trade Bans
The Barbary States of North Africa were seizing American ships in Mediterranean Sea
Morocco
Algiers
Tunis
Tripoli

18. Immunity from Piracy
Washington and Adams had been willing to pay “protection money” to Barbary States to assure safe passage
Jefferson was also willing until Tripoli increased their demand
1801 Jefferson blocked Port of Tripoli
Peace was won in 1805 ending the Barbary War

19. Re-export Trade
With more land and more farmers, America was producing a surplus that needed to make it to a new market
From , Europe (at war) was the market
Britain captured ships most of French merchant ships
France couldn’t supply their colonists in W. Indies and sugar exports couldn’t be shipped

20. Big Business The “Re-export” Business
American merchant ships intervened
Picked up cargoes in W. Indies and off-loaded in American ports
Reshipped cargoes to France as if they were American products (and back the other way)
American trade soared from $300,000 in 1790 to $59,000,000 in 1805

21. Additional Benefits to the U.S.
American shippers grew wealthy
Invested in the infrastructure
Wharves
Warehouses
Ships
Housing
Boosting the construction trades in seaports
US trade grew as Americans also traded their products w/France & W. Indies

22. The British caught on to the scam and they weren’t happy
Re-export system helped the French economy which provided funds for Napoleon’s army
US was quickly becoming G. Britain’s #1 trade competitor
British ships began to retaliate

23. Impressments and Trade Bans
British ships began confiscating goods from US ships and impressing American sailors into service on British ships
By 1812, about 6,000 American sailors were impressed into service on British warships

24. Political take on Impressments and Trade Bans
Federalists
Viewed impressments as unfortunate co-lateral costs of doing business on the high seas
Trade w/Britain more imp. Than re-export trade w/France
Dem-Rep
Felt British actions insulted Americans
Threatened US’s economic growth
Remember, Dem-Rep favored strong economic growth through small, family farms

25. Great Britain Goes Too Far
Attacked US Warship, the Chesapeake, and impressed US naval personnel into service
US OUTRAGED
Federalists and Dem-Republicans agreed

26. Jefferson asks for an embargo
US Navy too small to challenge Britain
Jefferson didn’t want to invest additional $
Pay down national debt
Keep taxes low
Avoid war
He didn’t trust a large military
1807, Jefferson persuaded Congress to impose an embargo

27. Embargo of 1807 Suspended trade with Britain
Ordered US ships to stay in port
Expected embargo would cripple Britain
Starving people
Closing factories
But that didn’t happen
Instead, Britain found new markets in South America

28. Consequences of Embargo
Catastrophic for US
Bankrupted American Merchants
Put American sailors out of work
Bankrupted American farmers
Exploiting ill-feelings for Dem-Rep because of this failed Embargo, Federalists gain power in northern states
Jefferson lifted the embargo just before he retired in 1809

29. Jefferson Retires from Office
1809 Jefferson was succeeded by James Madison, Dem-Rep

30. First 4 US Presidents
George Washington, , no party affiliation
John Adams, , Federalist
Thomas Jefferson, , Dem-Rep
James Madison, , Dem-Rep