1. Living in the Environment
Water Pollution
G. Tyler Miller’s
Living in the Environment
14th Edition
Chapter 22

2. The solution to pollution is dilution.
Water, Air, Land ….
The solution to pollution is dilution.

3. Chapter 22 Key Concepts
Types, sources, and effects of water pollutants
Major pollution problems of surface water
Major pollution problems of groundwater
Reduction and prevention of water pollution
Drinking water quality

4. Water makes us unique and gives life to Earth.

5. Section 1 Key Ideas
What are major types and effects of water pollution?
How do we measure water quality?
Point versus Nonpoint sources
What are the major sources of pollution?

6. What is water pollution?
Any chemical, biological, or physical change in water quality that has a harmful effect on living organisms or makes water unsuitable for desired usage.

7. What is water pollution?
WHO:
3.4 million premature deaths each year from waterborne diseases
1.9 million from diarrhea
U.S. 1.5 million illnesses
1993 Milwaukee 370,000 sick

8. What is water pollution? Need to study Table 22-1 Page 492
Infectious Agents: bacteria and viruses often from animal wastes
Oxygen Demanding Wastes: organic waste that needs oxygen often from animal waste, paper mills and food processing.
Inorganic Chemicals: Acids and toxic chemicals often from runoff, industries and household cleaners

9. What is water pollution?
Organic Chemicals: oil, gasoline, plastics, detergents often from surface runoff, industries and cleaners
Plant Nutrients: water soluble nitrates, ammonia and phosphates often from sewage, agriculture and urban fertilizers
Sediment: soils and silts from land erosion can disrupt photosynthesis, destroy spawning grounds, clog rivers and streams
Heat Pollution and Radioactivity: mostly from powerplants

10. How do we measure water quality
Bacterial Counts: Fecal coliform counts from intestines of animals
None per 100 ml for drinking
>200 per 100 ml for swimming
Sources: human sewage, animals, birds, raccoons, etc.
See table 22-2 on page 493 for diseases transmitted by contaminated drinking water.

12. How do we measure water quality
Dissolved Oxygen: BOD Biological Oxygen Demand…the amount of oxygen consumed by aquatic decomposers
Chemical Analysis: looking for presence of inorganic or organic chemicals
Suspended Sediment water clarity

13. How do we measure water quality
Indicator Species: organisms that give an idea of the health of the water body.
Mussels, oysters and clams filter water

14. Types, Effects and Sources of Water Pollution
Point sources
Refer to Tables 22-1 and 22-2 p. 492 and 493
Nonpoint sources
Fig p. 494
Water quality

15. Point and Nonpoint Sources
Urban streets
Suburban development
Wastewater treatment plant
Rural homes
Cropland
Factory
Animal feedlot
POINT SOURCES
Fig p. 494

16. Major Sources of Water Pollution
Agriculture: by far the leader
Sediment, fertilizers, bacteria from livestock, food processing, salt from soil irrigation
Industrial: factories and powerplants
Mining: surface mining toxics, acids, sediment

18. Section 2-3 Key Ideas
Freshwater pollution: What are major problems in streams?
Developed versus Developing Countries
Lake Pollution: Why are lakes and reservoirs more vulnerable?
What is Eutrophication?

19. Freshwater Stream Pollution
Flowing streams can recover from moderate level of degradable water pollution if their flows are not reduced.
Natural biodegradation process
Does not work if overloaded or stream flow reduced
Does not work against non biodegradable pollutants

20. What factors will influence this oxygen sag curve?
Pollution of Streams
Oxygen sag curve
Factors influencing recovery
Fig p. 496
What factors will influence this oxygen sag curve?

21. Two Worlds Developed Countries
U.S. and other developed countries sharply reduced point sources even with population and economic growth
Nonpoint still a problem
Toxic chemicals still problem
Success Cuyahoga River, Thames River

22. Two Worlds Developing Countries: Serious and growing problem
Half of world’s 500 major rivers heavily polluted
Sewage treatment minimal $$$
Law enforcement difficult
10% of sewage in China treated
Economic growth with little $$$ to clean up

23. India’s Ganges River Holy River (1 million take daily holy dip)
350 million (1/3rd of pop) live in watershed
Little sewage treatment
Used for bathing, drinking etc.
Bodies (cremated or not) thrown in river
Good news is the Indian government is beginning to work on problem

25. Freshwater Lake Pollution
Dilution as a solution in lakes less effective
Little vertical mixing
Little water flow (flushing)
Makes them more vulnerable
Toxins settle
Kill bottom life
Atmospheric deposition
Food chain disruptions

26. Biomagnifications of PCBs in an aquatic food chain from the Great Lakes.
See figure 22-6 on page 498

27. Eutrophication of Lakes
Eutrophication: nutrient enrichment of lakes mostly from runoff of plant nutrients (nitrates and phosphates)
During hot dry weather can lead to algae blooms
Decrease of photosynthesis
Dying algae then drops DO levels
Fish kills, bad odor

28. Pollution of Lakes
Eutrophication
Fig p. 499

29. Eutrophication in Lakes
Solutions:
Advanced sewage treatment (N, P)
Household detergents
Soil conservation
Remove excess weed build up
Pump in oxygen or freshwater

30. Case Study: The Great Lakes
Pollution levels dropped, but long way to go
95% of U.S. freshwater
30% Canadian pop, 14% U.S.
38 million drink
1% flow out St. Lawrence
Toxic fish

32. Section 4: Groundwater Why is groundwater pollution a serious problem?
What is the extent of the problem?
What are the solutions?

34. Groundwater Groundwater can become contaminated
No way to cleanse itself
Little dilution and dispersion
Out of sight pollution
Prime source for irrigation and drinking
REMOVAL of pollutant difficult

35. Groundwater Pollution: Causes
Low flow rates
Few bacteria
Low oxygen
Cold temperatures
Hazardous waste injection well
Pesticides
Coal strip mine runoff
De-icing road salt
Buried gasoline and solvent tank
Pumping well
Cesspool septic tank
Gasoline station
Waste lagoon
Water pumping well
Sewer
Landfill
Leakage from faulty casing
Accidental spills
Discharge
Unconfined freshwater aquifer
Confined aquifer
Confined freshwater aquifer
Groundwater flow
Fig p. 502

37. Groundwater Pollution moves in plumes
Soil, rocks, etc. act like sponge
Cleansing does not work (low O, low flow, cold)
Nondegradables may be permanent

38. Prevention is the most effective and cheapest

39. Groundwater Pollution Prevention
Monitor aquifers
Find less hazardous substitutes
Leak detection systems
Strictly regulating hazardous waste disposal
Store hazardous materials above ground

41. Section 5 Ocean Pollution
How much pollution can the oceans tolerate?
Coastal zones: How does pollution affect coastal zones?
What are major sources of ocean pollution and what is being done?
Oils spills

42. Ocean Pollution
Oceans can disperse and break down large quantities of degradable pollution if they are not overloaded.
Pollution worst near heavily populated coastal zones
Wetlands, estuaries, coral reefs, mangrove swamps
40% of world’s pop. Live within 62 miles of coast

43. Mangrove Swamp

44. Estuaries

45. Ocean Pollution Large amounts of untreated raw sewage (viruses)
Leaking septic tanks
Runoff
Algae blooms from nutrients
Dead zones NO DO
Airborne toxins
Oil spills

46. Ocean Pollution
Fig p. 504

48. Case Study: Chesapeake Bay
Largest US estuary
Relatively shallow
Slow “flushing” action to Atlantic
Major problems with dissolved O2
Fig p. 506

49. Preventing and reducing the flow of pollution from land and from streams emptying into the ocean is key to protecting oceans

50. Oil Spills
Sources: offshore wells, tankers, pipelines and storage tanks
Effects: death of organisms, loss of animal insulation and buoyancy, smothering
Significant economic impacts
Mechanical cleanup methods: skimmers and blotters
Chemical cleanup methods: coagulants and dispersing agents

51. Oil Spills

54. Section 6: Prevention and Reduction
How can we reduce surface water pollution: point and also nonpoint.
How do sewage treatment plants work?
How successful has the U.S. been at reducing water pollution? Clean Water Act

55. Solutions: Preventing and Reducing Surface Water Pollution
Nonpoint Sources
Point Sources
Reduce runoff
Clean Water Act
Buffer zone vegetation
Water Quality Act
Reduce soil erosion
Only apply pesticides and fertilizers as needed

56. Nonpoint Sources
Reduce runoff

57. Nonpoint Sources
Buffer Zones Near Streams

58. Nonpoint
Prevent soil erosion and only apply needed pesticides and fertilizers

59. Point Sources
Most developed countries use laws to set water pollution standards.
Federal Water Pollution Control Act (Clean Water Act 1972, ’77, ’87)
Regulates navigable waterways..streams, wetlands, rivers, lake

60. Clean Water Act Sets standards for key pollutants
Requires permits for discharge
Requires sewage treatment
Require permits for wetland destruction
Does not deal with nonpoint sources well
Goal All Waterways fishable and swimable

61. Technological Approach: Septic Systems
Require suitable soils and maintenance
¼ of all U.S. homes have Septic tanks
Can be used in parking lots, business parks, etc.
Fig p. 510

62. Combined sewer overflow is a problem in many older towns
EPA: 1.8 M to 3.85 M sick from swimming in water contaminated by sewer overflows
EPA: $100 billion to fix

63. Technological Approach: Sewage Treatment
Physical and biological treatment
Fig p. 511

65. Primary: removes 60% of solids and 30-40% oxygen demanding wastes (physically)
Secondary: uses biological processes to remove up to 90% of biodegradables
Tertiary: advanced techniques only used in 5% of U.S. $$$$
Disinfection: chlorine, ozone, UV
What is not taken out???

67. Technological Approach: Advanced (Tertiary) Sewage Treatment
Uses physical and chemical processes
Removes nitrate and phosphate
Expensive
Not widely used

68. Sludge disposal…using as fertilizer

69. Technological Approach: Using Wetlands to Treat Sewage
Fig p. 513

70. The Good News Largely thanks to CWA:
Between 1972 – 2002 fishable and swimmable streams 36% to 60%
74% served by sewage treatment
Wetlands loss dropped by 80%
Topsoil losses dropped by 1 billion tons annually

71. The Bad News
45% of Lakes, 40% streams still not fishable and swimmable
Nonpoint sources still huge problem
Livestock and Ag. Runoff
Fish with toxins

74. Section 7 Drinking Water
How is drinking water purified? High tech way.
How can we purify drinking water in developing nations?
What is the Safe Drinking Water Act?
Is bottled water a good answer or an expensive rip-off?

75. Drinking Water Quality
Purification of urban drinking water
Protection from terrorism
Purification of rural drinking water
Safe Drinking Water Act
Maximum contaminant levels (MCLs)
Bottled water

76. Purification of urban drinking water
Surface Water: (like Delaware River)
Removed to reservoir to improve clarity
Pumped to a treatment plant to meet drinking water standards
Groundwater: often does not need much treatment

78. Purification of rural drinking water
There can be simple ways to purify water:
Exposing to heat and UV rays
Fine cloths to filter water
Add small amounts of chlorine

79. Safe Drinking Water Act
54 countries have drinking water laws
SDWA passed 1974 requires EPA to set drinking water standards
Maximum Contaminating Levels (MCLs)

80. Safe Drinking Water Act
Privately owned wells exempt from SDWA
SDWA requires public notification of failing to meet standards and fine.
MCLs often stated in parts per million or parts per billion

81. Bottle Water
U.S. has the world’s safest tap water due to billions of $$$ of investment
Bottle water 240 to 10,000 times more expensive than tap water
25% of bottle water is tap water

82. Bottle Water 1.4 million metric tons of bottle thrown away each year
Toxic fumes released during bottling
Bottles made from oil based plastics
Water does not need to meet SDWA