1. Chapter 9 Section 2

2. Industrialization Industrialization Changes Life Industrial Cities
After 1800 cities become population centers
Urbanization: the movement of people to the cities, & city growth
Why?
What British cities were important?
London, Birmingham, Sheffield, Leeds, & Manchester

3. Industrialization con’t…
Living conditions: no planning
No housing laws
Lacked adequate police protection
Lack of education
Major issues:
Sanitation:
Sewage in the streets
Housing:
fire hazards, overcrowded
Crime: pickpockets, conmen
Assault, larceny
Lived in the “rookeries”
Sickness and epidemics
Cholera: infection of the intestines

4. Elizabeth Gaskell
Wrote novels about the living and working conditions in England
Tried to sympathy for the working class

5. Working conditions
Owners wanted as much work done as possible
6 days, 14 hour day: one break for lunch
Dangerous factories:
Explosions
Dark work areas
No regulations
Dangerous mines
Miners lived 10 years less than others
Child labor
Mostly in the textile mills
Small bodies made them ideal for many of the dangerous jobs in the mills
Paid less because of their age

6. Working conditions con’t…
Class tensions
The growing middle class
Factory owners, shippers, & merchants, wealthy farmers
Upper class looked down on the new wealthy middle class
Working class saw little improvement
Some lost jobs as machines replaced them
Some groups attacked factories
The “Luddites”

7. Positive Effects of Industrialization
Created jobs
Contributed wealth to the nation
Increased technological progress and innovation
Increased the production of goods
Raised the standard of living
Provided hope for a better life
Other benefits
Healthier diets
Better housing
Cheaper mass produced clothing
Increased educational opportunities

8. Positive Effects con’t…
The Middle & Upper Classes saw immediate prosperity
The working class will have to wait
Long Term Effects:
Living and working conditions have greatly improved
Wages are much higher
Tax revenues fund state & local government improvements

9. The Mills of Manchester
The perfect place
Larger labor force
Near Liverpool
Water power source
The downside
Dirty
Unplanned growth
Terrible working conditions
Beat child workers to keep them awake
6 days a week
12 to 14 hour days
30 minutes for lunch
1 hour for dinner

10. Manchester con’t… The Factory Act, 1819 Pollution:
Restricted working age & hours
Pollution:
Blackened air
Multi-colored river water
The symbol of industrialization untamed