1. Mussolini, Hitler & Stalin
The who’s who of bad guys

2. Mussolini
The Italian people were upset after WWI because they didn’t get what was promised from the Treaty of Versailles
People started to riot in the streets
The government was not strong enough to handle the crisis

3. Mussolini Benito Mussolini entered the picture
He rejected democratic methods and favored violence to solve problems – organized the Fascist party
He pledged to return Italy to greatness of Rome
Used the “Black Shirts” to get rid of opposition

4. Mussolini 1922 Mussolini organized a march on Rome
The Italian king was worried a civil war would start, so he asked Mussolini to create a government as the Prime Minister

5. Mussolini
By 1925, Mussolini had taken the title “The Leader” and ruled Italy as a dictator.
His word was not to be questioned

6. Mussolini As dictator of Italy, Mussolini; Outlawed rival parties
Silenced the press
Rigged elections
Replaced government officials with his supporters
Brought economy under state control
Glorified the state at the expense of the citizens

7. Mussolini Continued; Encouraged men to be selfless warriors of Italy
Pushed women out of the workforce so they could have children
Provided education for all children, & that children should obey strict military discipline

8. Mussolini Dissatisfaction & Unrest Mussolini Takes Power
Mussolini Changes Italy
Mussolini organizes the Fascist party
Mussolini becomes dictator
Italians are dissatisfied with the new territories at the end of WWI
Promises to return Italy/Rome back to its former greatness
Brings economy under state control
Chaos & disorder spread all across the nation
Black Shirts smash enemies of the movement
Glorifies the state at the expense of the people
Government is not strong enough to solve the problem
King of Italy gives Mussolini power after his march on Rome

9. Stalin
Under Stalin, the Soviet Union controlled all aspects of peoples lives
Lenin never wanted Stalin to take over
He felt Stalin was out of control

10. Stalin Five-Year Plans Command Economy Industry Agriculture
State made all economic decisions
Industry
Mixed results
State products advanced
Public goods suffered
Agriculture
State owned farms
Poor leadership led to massive famines

11. Stalin
Stalin’s Communist party used secret police, torture, and violent purges to ensure obedience.
Police spies opened private letters.
There was no free press.
Protests were forbidden.
Critics were sent to the Gulag, a system of brutal labor camps.
But Stalin was still fearful that a rival party was plotting against him.

12. In 1934, Stalin launched the Great Purge.
He targeted former Communist army heroes, industrial managers, writers, and ordinary citizens.
He staged a series of spectacular “show trials” to force false confessions.
At least 4 million people were purged during the Stalin years.

13. Stalin
Stalin controlled the cultural life of the Soviet Union by promoting russification, the process of making of a culture more Russian.
The Russian language had to be used in all schools and businesses.
Atheism became an official state policy.
Catholic, Jewish, and Islamic teachings were suppressed.
Any who refused to conform to government expectations faced persecution.

14. Stalin Daily Life in the Soviet Union
Government leaders become the wealthy at the expense of everyone else
Free services offered
Education
Day care
Low standard of living
Women had equal rights under the law

15. Hitler
Was a soldier for Germany in WWI, even though he was born in Austria
Was wounded multiple times, & given awards twice
Wanted to be an artist

16. Hitler
After the war, people blamed the Weimer Republic for the Versailles Treaty
Loss of land lead to an economic crisis
Inflation grows out of control

17. Hitler 1930s brought world-wide depression
People are looking for a change & someone to blame
Hitler is living in Munich going to public speeches speaking out against Communism & “International Jewry”

18. Hitler
Hitler joined a group of ex-soldiers as part of the National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP) also known as the Nazis
He started speaking at Nazi events, mainly in beer halls
Spoke out against the government that failed the German people

19. Hitler
After a failed coup of the German government, Hitler was sent to prison
In prison Hitler wrote a book called Mein Kampf (half autobiography half mission statement)

20. Hitler Hitler’s ideas are rooted in anti-Semitism
He believes in the idea of a “master” race
Blonde hair, blue eyed
Hitler kept speaking out against the government, even while in prison

21. Hitler
Once out of prison, Hitler and the Nazis “fought” to gain control of the country
Hitler promised to create jobs, end reparations & rearm Germany
Nazi membership is growing faster every day

22. Hitler Hitler was elected as Chancellor of Germany in 1933
Hitler’s policies bring Germany out of the Depression

23. Hitler
The people of Germany cheer Adolf Hitler for all he does for the Fatherland
Nazi ideas are spread to the youth of Germany (schools teach of the “master race” – Aryan)

24. Hitler
Holds rallies all over Germany – most notable in Nuremburg where the Nazis start their anti-Jewish laws
Nazis also try to weaken religion & the arts

25. Under the Weimer Republic
Hitler
Under the Weimer Republic
Rise of the Nazi Party
Under Nazi Rule
Nazis create a totalitarian state
Hitler writes Mein Kampf in prison
Was blamed for giving up WWI
Hitler’s policies bring Germany out of depression
Hitlers ideas are rooted in anti-semitism & a master race
France taking control of good German land leads to bad economy
People celebrate Hitler
Inflation gets out of control
Unemployment rises, people start listening to Hitler more
Nazi ideas spread to the youth
Great Depression hits in 1930s
Hitler promises to make Germany great again
Nuremburg laws start attacking the Jews
Tough times brings new cultural movements
Nazis replace religion
Hitler is elected into office in 1933
Berlin brings artists & writers from all over

26. Differences & Similarities
Fascists were sworn enemies of socialists and communists, yet they shared some goals.
Fascists
Communists
Pursued nationalist goals
Worked for international change
Supported a society with defined classes
Spoke of creating a classless society
Blind devotion to the state
Used terror for power
Flourished in economic hard times
Rule by an elite

27. Differences & Similarities
Features of German, Russian, and Italian Totalitarian States
Single-party dictatorship with blind obedience to a leader
State control of the economy
Use of police spies and terror to enforce the will of the state
Government control of the media
Use of schools to spread ideology to children
Strict censorship of artists and intellectuals

28. Democracy vs. Dictatorship
Direct Democracy
In a direct or pure democracy, the people pass laws by discussing and voting on them in meetings.

29. Democracy vs. Dictatorship
Indirect Democracy
In an indirect or representative democracy, the people elect agents who make and carry out the laws.
These representatives rule with the consent of the governed and can be removed by the people at election time.

30. Democracy vs. Dictatorship
The United States is a constitution-based federal republic.
The President and members of Congress are chosen by the people.
The President is both Chief of State and Head of Government.

31. Democracy vs. Dictatorship
In an autocracy, one person holds total political power, while in an oligarchy a small elite group shares political power.
Both are forms of dictatorships, holding absolute and unchallenged authority over the people, who have no say in government

32. Democracy vs. Dictatorship
Dictatorship cont.
There is no accountability for the government or how they carry out their policies
All dictatorships are authoritarian
Most are totalitarian & militaristic