1. 10th World Studies 6.7.18 Today’s Agenda: The Truman Doctrine
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Today’s Learning Objectives:
I can understand how the end of WWII contributed to an increased sense of tension between “Allied” nations.
Today’s Agenda:
The Truman Doctrine
Blockade, Airlift, & a new leader…let’s bang our shoe
HW:
None?!?

2. Truman Doctrine [March 1947]
Contain Communist influence—CONTAINMENT
Civil War in Greece & Turkey under pressure from the USSR for concessions in the Dardanelles.
The U. S. should support free peoples throughout the world who were resisting takeovers by armed minorities or outside pressures…We must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way.
The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey $400 million in aid.
After approximately 2 years, the Communist “threat” had passed, & Greece and Turkey in Western sphere of influence.

3. Truman Doctrine [March 1947]

4. The Marshall Plan: 1948 “European Recovery Program.”
Secretary of State, George Marshall
The U. S. should provide aid to all European nations that need it. This move is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos.
$12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe extended to Eastern Europe & USSR, [but this was rejected].
Wait, what?!? Why?!?

6. The Berlin Blockade and Airlift
1948
1946: Allies combined zones…
Soviets had no interest in helping Germany unify (again…)
1948: common currency (DM) in W. Berlin (Germany)
Last straw for the Soviets—feared hyperinflation
USSR withdrew from the governing group and blocked E. Berlin

7. NSC 68: 1950 National Security Council (1947)
“The National Security Council (NSC) is the President's principal forum for considering national security and foreign policy matters with his senior national security advisors and cabinet officials.”
Alger Hiss case (1948)—The Pumpkin Papers
A State Dept. official—traveled with FDR to Yalta Conf.
Accused of being part of an Espionage ring (Soviet, of course) prior to WWII—by a known Communist…who was the editor of Time magazine at the time…
HUAC
House Un-American Activities Committee
Created in 1938
The Alger Hiss hearings is where we get to meet Richard M. Nixon for the first time on a national scale.
The “World View” begins to shift…

8. NSC 68: 1950 National Security Council
Alger Hiss case—The Pumpkin Papers
HUAC
The “World View”

9. A Bloodless Coup—} Power!
Czechoslovakia: 1948
A Bloodless Coup—} Power!
Feb: Power handed over to the Communist Party
May: “Elections” held to “validate” transfer of power…Yalta and Potsdam Conferences
Becomes a single-party state.

10. Who lost China? – A 2nd } Power!
Mao’s Revolution: 1949
Who lost China? – A 2nd } Power!

11. The Arms Race: A “Missile Gap?”
The Soviet Union exploded its first A-bomb in 1949…Surprise!
Now there were two nuclear superpowers!
1952: US detonates the H-bomb
ICBM’s: Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles—range of approximately 3500 miles
A-Bomb vs. H-Bomb
No limit to the yield…"Since no limit exists to the destructiveness of this weapon, its existence and knowledge of its construction is a danger to humanity as a whole.“
It’s a MAD world…Mutually Assured Destruction

12. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)
United States
Belgium
Britain
Canada
Denmark
France
Iceland
Italy
Luxemburg
Netherlands
Norway
Portugal
1952: Greece & Turkey
1955: West Germany
1983: Spain

13. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)
12 original members…
Primarily a defense pact…
Article 5: an attack against any ONE member nation would be an attack against ALL member nations.
What other motivations might be present?

14. 1953: Stalin Dies
This leads to another power struggle in USSR—Nikita Khrushchev eventually wins out…
1918—Joined the Bolsheviks.
1929—moves to Moscow and begins to rise in the party.
1953—head of the party, but not the premier…
1955—organizes a coup…friend of the replacement.
1958—becomes premier
Nikita Khrushchev: One of the “Old Guard” that survived Stalin’s Purges.

15. Warsaw Pact (1955) U. S. S. R. Albania Bulgaria Czechoslovakia
East Germany
Hungary
Poland
Romania

16. Warsaw Pact (1955)
May 5, 1955—West Germany is admitted to NATO & RE-ARMED!
May 14, 1955—Warsaw Pact is signed…that was quick!
Also viewed as a defense pact, but with an internal twist…
Also gave the USSR greater control over the “satellite” nations, just in case they wished to seek their own version of control.

17. Premier Nikita Khrushchev De-Stalinization Program
About the capitalist states, it doesn't depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) exist. If you don't like us, don't accept our invitations, and don't invite us to come to see you. Whether you like it our not, history is on our side. We will bury you
De-Stalinization Program

18. Premier Nikita Khrushchev De-Stalinization Program
How will the West respond?
How should the West respond?
Are relations between nations getting better or worse?
De-Stalinization Program

19. An Historic Irony: Sergei Khrushchev, American Citizen
Who buried whom?

20. Aid=arms (weapons), money, and supplies.
The Suez Crisis:
1947—UN decides to partition Palestine.
1948—The State of Israel is created.
--war begins almost immediately. GB pulls out forces.
1954—Egypt pressures GB to remove troops from the canal zone.
1955—USSR supplies arms and helps to build the Aswan dam.
1956—Egypt nationalizes the Suez canal.
Aid=arms (weapons), money, and supplies.

21. The Hungarian Uprising: 1956 Imre Nagy, Hungarian Prime Minister
Promised free elections.
This could lead to the end of communist rule in Hungary.
Asked Khrushchev for Soviet troops to withdraw.
Backed out of the Warsaw Pact
Troops rolled back in—1000 tanks
Patriotism and religious freedom stamped out…
Imre Nagy, Hungarian Prime Minister

22. Now we have a “Space Race”
Sputnik I (1957)
The Russians have beaten America in space—they have the technological edge!
Now we have a “Space Race”

23. Sputnik I (1957)
Nikita Khrushchev:
1958—Time’s Man of the Year

24. Nixon-Khrushchev “Kitchen Debate” (1959)
Richard Nixon: Vice President of the US
A “cultural exchange” in Moscow, goes in an unexpected direction as Khrushchev brings up “Captive Natives Resolution.”
…Un-Democratic ideas and governments

25. Nixon-Khrushchev“Kitchen Debate”(1959)
Nixon: I want to show you this kitchen. It is like those of our houses in California. [Nixon points to dishwasher.]
Khrushchev: We have such things.
Nixon: This is our newest model. This is the kind which is built in thousands of units for direct installations in the houses. In America, we like to make life easier for women...
Khrushchev: Your capitalistic attitude toward women does not occur under Communism.
Nixon: This house can be bought for $14,000, and most American [veterans from World War II] can buy a home in the bracket of $10,000 to $15,000. Let me give you an example that you can appreciate. Our steel workers as you know, are now on strike. But any steel worker could buy this house. They earn $3 an hour. This house costs about $100 a month to buy on a contract running 25 to 30 years.
Khrushchev: We have steel workers and peasants who can afford to spend $14,000 for a house. Your American houses are built to last only 20 years so builders could sell new houses at the end. We build firmly. We build for our children and grandchildren.
Nixon: American houses last for more than 20 years, but, even so, after twenty years, many Americans want a new house or a new kitchen. Their kitchen is obsolete by that time....The American system is designed to take advantage of new inventions and new techniques.
Khrushchev: This theory does not hold water. Some things never get out of date-- houses, for instance, and furniture, furnishings--perhaps--but not houses. I have read much about America and American houses, and I do not think that this is exhibit and what you say is strictly accurate.

26. Nixon-Khrushchev “Kitchen Debate” (1959)
Let’s go to the color video tape—a NEW invention!!!
Watch for body language, postures, and the manner in which they speak to each other.