1. Introduction into Knowledge and information
Chapter 1 from textbook:
Organizing Knowledge: An
Introduction to Managing Access to Information.

2. Outline Data, information and knowledge.
Characteristics of information and knowledge
Where to use information and knowledge
Why and how Do People Search for Information?
Why isn’t Google sufficient
The Difficulties in Organizing Information Difficult.
Who Organizes Information?
Tools for organizing information .
Approaches to information retrieval

3. Concepts of data, information and knowledge DIKW
The DIKW hierarchy
Wisdom
Knowledge
Information
Data

4. Definitions There are no universally definitions of these terms.
Data: it is a symbol that represents a fact or statement of event without relation to other things.
Ex.: date of birth.
Information : it is data that are processed to be useful; provides answers to "who", "what", "where", and "when" questions.
Information systems generate, store, retrieve and process data.
Information is inferred from data.
The difference between data and information is functional, not structural.

5. Count
Knowledge is know-how, and is what makes possible the transformation of information into instruction.
Knowledge :is application of data and information; answers "how" questions .
Wisdom is the ability to increase effectiveness. Wisdom adds value, which requires the mental function that we call judgement.

6. Characteristics of information and knowledge
1- Objectivities Accuracy : means that data or information is correct . Reliability : implies that the information is a true indicator of the variable that intended to measure. 2- Accessibility 3- Relevance

7. Cont 4- Currency (life span ) 5- Structure and organization 6- Systems
The way in which items are grouped into categories
The relationships between these categories
6- Systems
The structure is imposed by the system

8. Where to use information and knowledge
Decision making.
Problem solving.
Communication and interpersonal relationships.
Entertainment and leisure.
Enhancing business and professional effectiveness, performance and success.

9. Why Do People Search for Information?
People search to find information that lets them make better decisions or act more effectively
They search for answers to specific questions
They search to "find out about"

10. How Do People Search for Information?
How people search depends on what they're searching for and where they're searching for it.
Sometimes people search for specific answers.
Sometimes they don't know what they're looking for , they refine their questions and strategy on the basis of what they find.
Their actions are strongly shaped by the way the
information resources .

11. Why isn’t Google sufficient
Google Advantages
Simple keyword
Underpinned by powerful search technology that delivers highly relevant top then hits , form million of websites and documents .
Simple search interface
Searching on range of file formats ( such as power point , PDF )
The speed , ubiquity and convenience , which are characteristics that should be in the design of IRS

12. Google disadvantages
Users are not aware of the details of the search that has been taken and therefore have difficulties refining it.
Irrelevant hits
It is difficult to distinguish between keywords used as author and those used as subject .
Google provide so many hits leaving it to the user to decide what is relevant and what is not relevant, even ranking hit may not always show the best sources for the search quarries
Authority and quality of content sources varies and users need the skills and judgments to select the appropriate sources.

13. Why organize information?
More data
A greater range of sources
A wider range of channels
Faster response and turnaround times
The better organized the knowledge is, the easier it is to retrieve specific item of knowledge .

14. Why Is Organizing Information Difficult?
People use different words for the same things, and the same words for different things.
Every context produces different biases in naming and categorization

15. Who Organizes Information?
Professionals
Authors
Users
Machines (computer programs)

16. Tools for organizing information
Catalogues and bibliographies
Indexing and abstracting
Publisher how offer access to e-books need to have a mechanisms to support searching of their database
Record management system
Knowledge management system
E-commerce
E- government
Content management system

17. Approaches to information retrieval: what people do
Known-item searching: The users know what they are looking for and usually possess some clue or characteristic that can be identify the item . Ex : title , author .
Subject searching: The users do not have specific item in mind .
Browsing : the user have a less precise view of the information or document .

18. Approaches to information retrieval: what computers do
Storing metadata and associated index files
Storing the full text of documents and any index files
Search engines
References
Information filtering ( data minding )
Image and sound processing

19. The End 