1. Write
Unit 04
Fingerprints!

2. Listen

3. Vocabulary Dactyloscopy The analysis and study of fingerprints. Write
(To look at)

4. Listen

5. Write
What are Fingerprints?

6. Listen
Cross-Section of Skin
bsapp.com

7. Friction Ridge
Draw
Epidermis
Papillary Layer
Dermis
Hypodermis

8. Vocabulary Epidermis Dermis Hypodermis Papillary Layer Friction Ridge
Write
Epidermis
Top layer of skin
Dermis
Middle layer of skin
Hypodermis
Deep layer of Skin
Papillary Layer
Ridged layer between dermis and epidermis
Friction Ridge
Ridges found on your fingertips
Help you grip objects
Created by the papillary layer of the dermis
Can you see the friction ridges on your fingertips?

9. Listen Sebaceous Gland
Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 6

10. Vocabulary Fingerprint
Write
Vocabulary
Fingerprint
An impression of the friction ridges of a finger
Created by oil, dirt, and water/sweat

11. Where do Fingerprints Come From?
Watch
Where do Fingerprints Come From?

12. Why are fingerprints unique?
Write
Why are fingerprints unique?
Fingerprints develop in the womb
Pressure of amniotic fluid Creates Papillary Layer
Identical twins have different fingerprint
Fingerprints are finished by the 24th week of development.

13. Principles of Fingerprints
Write
Principles of Fingerprints
First Principle: A fingerprint is an individual characteristic; no two fingers have yet been found to posses identical ridge characteristics.
bsapp.com

14. Principles of Fingerprints
Write
Principles of Fingerprints
Second Principle: A fingerprint will remain unchanged during an individual's lifetime.
bsapp.com

15. Principles of Fingerprints
Write
Principles of Fingerprints
Third Principle: Fingerprints have general ridge patterns that permit them to be systematically classified.
bsapp.com

16. Characteristics of Fingerprints
Write
Characteristics of Fingerprints

17. Listen
There are 3 general fingerprint distinctions:
Arch
Whorl
Loop

18. Directions Outline your hands on a piece of paper Look at your fingers
Read and Follow
Directions
Outline your hands on a piece of paper
Look at your fingers
Try to identify if you have an arch, loop, or whorl for each finger.
Write what you have on your piece of paper.

19. Listen
Core
Delta

20. Listen
Ridge Count

21. Vocabulary Core – the center of the major pattern
Write
Vocabulary
Core – the center of the major pattern
Delta – a triangle shape
Ridge Count – the number of ridges on the fingerprint

22. Arch – 5% of population Arch
Write
Arch – 5% of population
Arch
Friction Ridges run across finger while rising up in the middle.
They do NOT have, deltas or cores.

23. Arches Tented Arches Similar to the plain arch,
Write and Draw
Arches
Tented Arches
Similar to the plain arch,
but has a spike in the center.
Spike or “tent”
Plain Arch
Ridges enter on one side and
exit on the other side. 23

24. Write and Draw
Loop – 65% of population
A loop must have one or more ridges entering and exiting from the same side.
Loops have a core and one delta.
Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 6 ; Kendall/Hunt Publishing Co.

25. Write and Draw
Loops
These patterns are named for their positions related to the radius and ulna bones.
Write and draw
Radial Loop (Right hand)
Loop opens toward the left or the radial bone (thumb).
Ulnar Loop (Right hand)
Loop opens toward right or the ulna bone (pinky finger).
Delta
NOTE: On the left hand, a loop that opens to the left would be an ulnar loop, while one that opens to the right would be a radial loop. 25

26. Write and Draw
Whorl – 30% of population
A plain or central pocket whorl has at least one ridge that makes a complete circuit.
There is a core and two deltas
Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 6 ; Kendall/Hunt Publishing Co.

27. Whorls
Write and Draw
If a print has more than two deltas, it is most likely an accidental.
Central Pocket Whorl
Plain Whorl
Draw a line between the two deltas in the plain and central pocket whorls. If some of the curved ridges touch the line, it is a plain whorl. If none of the center core touches the line, it is a central pocket whorl. 27

28. Whorls – Part 2 Accidental Whorl Double Loop Whorl
Write and Draw
Whorls – Part 2
Accidental Whorl
Accidental whorls contain two or more patterns (not including the plain arch), or does not clearly fall under any of the other categories.
Double Loop Whorl
Double loop whorls are made up of any two loops combined into one print.
Delta 28

29. Ridgeology Did you know?
Write and Draw
Ridgeology
Ridgeology: The study of the uniqueness of friction ridge structures and their use for personal identification.1 
Ridge Characteristics/Minutiae: Small unique structures created by friction ridges. 
The koala is one of the few mammals (other than primates) that has fingerprints. In fact, koala fingerprints are remarkably similar to human fingerprints; even with an electron microscope, it can be quite difficult to distinguish between the two.
Did you know?
1Introduction to Basic Ridgeology by David Ashbaugh, May Image from

30. Ridge Characteristics
Listen
Ridge Characteristics
Use these characteristics as points of identification when comparing fingerprint samples. The more points you can find in common, the better the match!

31. Fingerprint Minutiae- characteristics of ridge patterns
Listen
Fingerprint Minutiae- characteristics of ridge patterns
Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 6

32. Ridge Characteristics
Listen
Ridge Characteristics
Crossover
Core
Bifurcation (fork)
Ridge ending
Island
Delta
Pore
Scar
EXAMPLE

33. How to Roll Prints Video
Watch
How to Roll Prints Video
Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 6

34. Directions Thumb = towards body Fingers = away from body
Read and Follow
Thumb = towards body
Fingers = away from body
1st – Roll the “pad” portion of your thumb over the ink pad from the left side of your thumb to the right. You do not have to push down really hard!
2nd – Roll the “pad” portion of your thumb from the left side of your thumb to the right in the correct box on your paper to make a thumbprint.
3rd – Continue this process to make a fingerprint of all ten fingers on the 10 card
4th –Use your notes and a magnifying lens to help you figure out what type of pattern is found in each of your fingerprints. Label each one with the pattern’s name.

35. Fingerprint Identification
Write
Fingerprint Identification
Points of identification/similarity: When minutiae on two different prints match
There is no international standard for the number of points of identification required for a match between two fingerprints.
Individual Country Standards:
United Kingdom: min. 16
Australia: min.12
United States: no legal requirement, but 8-12 is generally accepted.

36. Listen
AFIS
The Automated Fingerprint Identification System - a computer system for storing and retrieving fingerprints
Began in the early 1970’s to:
Search large files for a set of prints taken from an individual
Compare a single print, usually a latent print developed from a crime scene
By the 1990’s most large jurisdictions had their own system in place. The problem - a person’s fingerprints may be in one AFIS but not in others
IAFIS—the FBI’s Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System which is a national database of all 10- print cards from all over the country 36
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

37. AFIS 37 AFIS: The Automated Fingerprint Identification System
Write
AFIS
AFIS: The Automated Fingerprint Identification System
- a computer system for storing and retrieving fingerprints
IAFIS—the FBI’s Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System which is a national database of all 10- print cards from all over the country 37
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

38. Patent
Listen
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

39. Plastic
Listen
Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 6

40. Latent
Listen
Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 6

41. Write
Types of Fingerprints
There are 3 types of prints that investigators look for at crime scenes:
Patent fingerprints are visible prints transferred onto smooth surfaces by blood or other liquids.
Plastic fingerprints are indentations left in soft materials such as clay or wax.
Latent fingerprints are not visible but made so by dusting with powders or the use of chemicals.
Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 6

42. Listen Sebaceous Gland
Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 6

43. Latent Prints Fingerprints are made from secretions.
Write
Fingerprints are made from secretions.
Most secretions come from three glands:
Eccrine—largely water with both inorganic (ammonia, chlorides, metal ions, phosphates) and organic compounds (amino acids, lactic acids, urea, sugars). Most important for fingerprints.
Apocrine—secrete pheromones and other organic materials.
Sebaceous—secrete fatty or greasy substances

44. Developing Latent Prints
Listen
Developing Latent Prints
Developing a print requires substances that interact with secretions that cause the print to stand out against its background. It may be necessary to attempt more than one technique, done in a particular order so as not to destroy the print.
Powders—adhere to both water and fatty deposits. Choose a color to contrast the background.
Iodine—fumes react with oils and fats to produce a temporary yellow brown reaction.
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

45. Developing Latent Prints
Write
Developing Latent Prints
Chemical
Reacts with
Color
Ninhydrin
Amino Acids
Purple
Silver Nitrate
Chloride
Grey
Cyanoacrylate
Water
White
Iodine
Fats
Brown
Other Tools:
Lasers
Light Sources
Black light
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

46. Listen
Ninhydrin
Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 6

47. Silver Nitrate
Listen
Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 6

48. Cyanoacrylate
Listen
Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 6

49. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
Listen
Cyanoacrylate
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

50. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
Iodine
Listen
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

51. Fingerprint Forensic FAQs
Write
Fingerprint Forensic FAQs
Can fingerprints be erased?
No, if, for example, they are removed with chemicals, they will grow back.
Is fingerprint identification reliable?
Yes, but analysts can make mistakes.
Is fingerprint matching carried out by computers in a matter of seconds?
No, but the FBI’s Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS or AFIS) can provide a match in 2 hours for the prints in its Master File.
Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 6

52. Other Prints Ears—shape, length and width
Listen
Other Prints
Ears—shape, length and width
Voice—electronic pulses measured on a spectrograph
Foot—size of foot and toes; friction ridges on the foot
Shoes—can be compared and identified by type of shoe, brand, size, year of purchase, and wear pattern.
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

53. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
Listen
Other Prints
Palm—friction ridges can be identified and may be used against suspects.
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

54. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
Listen
Other Prints
Footprints are taken at birth as a means of identification of infants.
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

55. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
Listen
Other Prints
Lips—display several common patterns
Short vertical lines
Short horizontal lines
Crosshatching
Branching grooves
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

56. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
Listen
Other Prints
Teeth—bite marks are unique and can be used to identify suspects. These imprints were placed in gum and could be matched to crime scene evidence.
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

57. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
Listen
Other Prints
The blood vessel patterns in the eye may be unique to individuals. They are used today for various security purposes.
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

58. Listen
Biometrics
Use of some type of body metrics for the purpose of identification. (The Bertillon system may actually have been the first biometry system.)
Used today in conjunction with AFIS
Examples include retinal or iris patterns, voice recognition, hand geometry
Other functions for biometrics—can be used to control entry or access to computers or other structures; can identify a person for security purposes; can help prevent identity theft or control social services fraud.
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

59. The Future of Fingerprinting
Listen
The Future of Fingerprinting
New scanning technologies and digitally identifying patterns may eliminate analytical mistakes.
Trace elements of objects that have been touched are being studied to help with the identification of individuals.
To help with identification, other physical features such as eyes and facial patterns are also being studied.
Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 6