1. Ancient India

2. Ancient India Geography
Ancient Indian civilization began in the Indus River Valley. (Indus & Ganges River)
Like ancient Egypt, India’s early civilization developed along a river which flooded and left fertile silt.

3. Geography
India is a subcontinent because it is separated from the rest of Asia by the Himalayas, the highest mountains in the world.

4. Monsoon season
Winter/Summer

5. Indus Valley Civilization:
The first settlements ca B.C.E., when farmers settled along the Indus River in what is now Pakistan.
Indus Valley Civilization:

6. By 2500 B.C.E.
Two cities: Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro

7. Harappa-Mohenjo Daro
35,000 people!!

9. Harappa:
Traded with Iran & regions to the east.

10. Traded w/Persia & Sumer to the west.
Mohenjo-Daro
Traded w/Persia & Sumer to the west.

11. Political
Structure:
Cities ONLY Share language & culture.

12. Gov’t = theocracy

13. Trading Seals
Writing developed from earlier trading stamp, which had the merchants name and symbols of trade items.

14. Terra Cotta Trade Seals.

15. Religious beliefs:
Great Bath Tanks were used for the purification of the body & soul.

16. Priest meditated in yogi to connect with gods.

17.                                                                                                     
Mountain Pose
Tadasana
The foundation of all standing poses, Mountain Pose makes a great a starting position, resting pose, or tool to improve posture.
The foundation of all standing poses, Mountain Pose makes a great a starting position, resting pose, or tool to improve posture.

18. Extended Triangle Pose
Utthita Trikonasana
Extended Triangle Pose is the quintessential standing pose in many styles of yoga.

19. Warrior I Pose
Virabhadrasana I

20. Warrior II Pose
Virabhadrasana II
Increases stamina

21. The people who lived in these marvelous cities disappeared around 1500 BCE. Perhaps they ran out of wood to hold back flooding, or perhaps their soil gave out and no longer would grow crops. No one knows what happened these people, or where they went.

22. Aryan invaders:
Around 1500 B.C.E.,
conquered
by the
Aryans.

23. ARYAN INVASION
After the Harappan civilization collapsed, another group of people called the Aryans began settling in the region. They became a new civilization.
The Aryans were nomads that came from central Asia and began moving into the Indus River valley around 1500 B.C.
Aryan Migration B.C.

24. The Aryans—hunters/raised cattle (sacred)
warriors
invented iron plows and canals

25. Written
language = SANSKRIT

26. Aryan tribes were led by a raja, or prince.

27. Men’s lives were considered more important than women’s lives.
In most cases, only men could inherit property. Only men were allowed to go to school or become priests.
Parents arranged marriages, and divorce was not allowed.
guru = teacher

28. There were four classes called varnas in India’s social system with one group of people that did not belong to any varna. They were called the Untouchables. CASTE SYSTEM

29. Reasons for the caste system:
- Upper class control economy.
alternative to slavery.

30. A new marriage tradition
A new marriage tradition. The red dot on an Indian woman’s forehead goes back to the Aryan tradition of having a groom apply a spot of his blood on his bride’s forehead, as a sign of marriage.

31. India’s First Civilizations
Under the caste system in India, what aspects of life are affected by a person’s caste?
A person’s caste affects what job they will have, who they can marry, and who they can socialize with.

32. India’s First Civilizations
Describe the cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro.
Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were planned cities with wide main streets and a wall around each neighborhood. Each mud brick house had a flat roof and was laid out around a courtyard. Each city had public wells, a sewage system, and garbage disposal.

33. India’s First Civilizations
Why are monsoons important to Indian farmers?
They cause soil-enriching floods.

34. India’s First Civilizations
Cause and Effect What caused the collapse of Harappan civilization?
earthquakes, floods, the Indus River changing its course, and the Aryan invasions

35. India’s First Civilizations
Explain How did the Aryans control the people they conquered?
Possible answers: strong military, effects of caste system