1. Even more decisions - 15 mark questions -
13th May
12B

2. Level 4 12–15 Thorough discussion of the complex nature of [floods], prevention and reduction of effects. Very good case studies and understanding of specific initiatives with detailed knowledge
Level 3 8–11 Response discusses both prevention and reduction of effects but discussion may be unbalanced in favour of one or the other. Examples lack detail
Level 2 4–7 Response shows a general knowledge and understanding of floods, but may not consider both prevention and reduction of effects. Mainly descriptive with limited use of examples and understanding may be partial or inaccurate.
Level 1 1–3 May broadly discuss floods but does not answer the question. Response is descriptive only

3. Population/Migration/Settlement 2013 1.1
10 (a) (i) Describe how natural increase rate is calculated. [3]
(ii) Briefly explain two ways that migration may contribute to population increase. [4]
(b) Describe and explain variations in the rate of population growth between the different stages
of the demographic transition model. [8]
(c) To what extent do you agree that population growth leads to an increase in food supply? [15]
Migration
11 (a) (i) Give the meaning of the term forced (involuntary) migration. [3]
(ii) Outline two different circumstances in which forced migration may occur. [4]
(b) With the help of one or more examples, explain how push factors and pull factors work
together to cause economic migration. [8]
(c) “Emigration is a door to the modern world and once it’s open, it is very difficult to close.”
How far do you agree with this view? [15]
Settlement dynamics
12 (a) Describe the different locations in which retailing (e.g. shops and supermarkets) is found in
urban areas. [7]
(b) With the help of examples, suggest reasons why the Central Business District (CBD) in urban
settlements is changing. [8]
(c) Assess whether, in urban settlements, it is preferable to live in the CBD or in a residential
suburb. [15]

4. Population/Migration/Settlement 2013 1.2
10 (a) With the help of a labelled diagram, compare Stages 2 and 3 of the demographic transition
model. [7]
(b) How may decreasing death rates be explained? [8]
(c) Assess how education helps to lower birth rates. [15]
Migration / Settlement dynamics
11 (a) (i) Define the term stepped migration. [3]
(ii) Give two reasons why stepped migration occurs. [4]
(b) With the help of one or more examples, describe and explain where migrants are likely to live
in cities in LEDCs. [8]
(c) ‘Urbanisation is a past process, not a current one.’ How far do you agree? [15]
Settlement dynamics
12 (a) (i) Give the meaning of the term functional zonation as applied to urban settlements. [3]
(ii) Explain one advantage and one disadvantage of functional zonation. [4]
(b) Explain how planning has affected the location of activities within one or more named urban
areas. [8]
(c) Why are problems in urban areas difficult to overcome? [15]

5. Population/Migration/Settlement 2014 1.3
10 (a) (i) Give the meaning of the term dependency ratio. [2]
(ii) Outline the main reasons why the dependency ratio may increase over time. [5]
(b) Describe the possible consequences of increased age dependency in an area. [8]
(c) To what extent can a country alter its population structure? Use examples to support your
answer. [15]
Migration / Settlement dynamics
11 (a) Describe the role of push factors and pull factors in migration. [7]
(b) Use examples to explain how constraints and barriers limit migration. [8]
(c) Assess the impacts of rural-urban migration on one or more urban settlements. [15]
Settlement dynamics
12 (a) With the help of a diagram, show how bid-rent results in different zones in urban settlements.
[7]
(b) Explain how factors, other than bid-rent, cause zonation in urban settlements. [8]
(c) Evaluate the success of LEDCs in managing urban settlements. [15]