1. PHED 3 Contemporary Issues in Sport Violence in Sport
A2 PE
PHED 3
Contemporary Issues in Sport
Violence in Sport

2. Violence in Sport A2 PE

3. Lesson Objectives Describe the term violence in sport
Explain the causes of spectator violence/hooliganism
Evaluate theories of hooliganism
Outline what has been done to prevent and control spectator violence?
Link and explain UK law that underpins prevention strategies of spectator violence

4. Hooligans
The lighter side of hooligans

5. What are some of the possible causes of crowd violence at sporting events?
Alcohol / drugs
Tradition: Traditional rivalry
‘local derbys’ / religion e. g
celtic vs rangers
Frustration: The score or result / controversial decisions by officials

6. Abuse: Verbal abuse from rival fans / provocation / racism
Emotional: Importance of
the event / pre-match hype
Numbers: Large number of fans / poor policing
Hooligans: Some ‘fans; more concerned with causing trouble than watching football

7. Mass culture: Peer group pressure / individuals lose identity within the crowd
Pitch violence: Behaviour
on the pitch copied by
spectators
Punishment: Lack of suitable punishment

8. What has been done to make stadiums safer and to prevent and control violence by spectators at football matches
Taylor Report result from Heysel (1985) and Hillsborough (1989) phased out standing terraces
‘All-seater’ stadiums in some divisions and perimeter fences between crowds and pitch removed

9. CCTV IN ACTION Separation from opposing fans
Club membership schemes introduced / control of ticket sales / all-ticket matches
Closed circuit TV to monitor fans
The images of 17 men, all thought to be West Ham fans, were issued after fights spoiled a Carling Cup game on 25 August 2009
The pictures are from CCTV cameras within the ground.
A man was stabbed, missiles were thrown at police and there were 10 arrests at the game. Both clubs have been charged with failing to control supporters.

10. Police forces share info / restrictions on overseas travel by known hooligans
Alcohol controlled / no selling of alcohol in glasses
Increased
numbers of police /
stewards

11. Increased numbers of police / stewards
Known trouble makers excluded / searches on entry to ground
Fining of clubs / ground restrictions

12. Heysel Stadium Disaster 1985
39 spectators (31 Juventus fans) were crushed or trampled to death
They were trying to escape a charge by Liverpool supporters
More than 250 others were injured when violence erupted
Britain was banned from European football for 5 years

13. Theories of Hooliganism
Marsh et al 1978
Dunning et al 1988/ Robson 2000
Common offenders yrs
Working Class backgrounds
Ritualistic and not always physically violent
Aggressive Masculinity
Common social behaviour in lower classes
Reaction to growing middle classes and higher ticket prices

14. Theories of Hooliganism
Finn 1994/Kerr 1994
Armstrong 1997
Search for ‘Flow’ experience not usually encountered in everyday life
Addiction to risk taking feeling
Diverse range of locations and backgrounds
Opportunity to belong
Feeling of gaining honour
Offenders enjoy the confrontation rather than the violence itself.

15. Violence by Spectators
Chelsea Headhunters – MacIntyre Investigates
BBC Hooligans (u tube)
MacIntyre Undercover - Chelsea Headhunters Chelsea Headhunters were infiltrated by investigative reporter Donal MacIntyre for this documentary screened on the BBC on November 9, 1999, in which MacIntyre posed as a wannabe-member of the Chelsea Headhunters.
In 2000, Jason Marriner, a member of the Chelsea Headhunters was sentenced to six years in prison for his part in organising a fight with supporters of a rival team, based on evidence captured by Donal MacIntyre and his team.
This programme led to arrests and several convictions.

16. The Laws The Public Disorder Act (1986)
Allows courts to ban fans from grounds
The Football Spectators Act (1989)
Allows courts to restrict fans from attending matches abroad
The Football Offences Act (1991)
Spectators can be arrested for: throwing missiles, racial chanting, pitch invasion

17. What have you covered? What is Violence in Sport?
The causes of spectator violence/hooliganism
Theories of hooliganism
What has been done to prevent and control spectator violence?
UK Law that underpins prevention strategies