1. Industrialization and Its Consequences 1750-1914 CE
Big Era Seven
Industrialization
and
Its Consequences CE

2. Contents Under Pressure
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Contents under pressure…I wonder what’s inside?
A package! I love packages!

3. Contents Under Pressure
The Modern Revolution
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Communication Revolution
Democratic Politics
Fossil Fuels

4. Communication Revolution
The Modern Revolution
Communication Revolution
Democratic Politics
Fossil Fuels
Quite a package! But how did these changes get all bundled up together?

5. For starters, in Big Era Seven human population was increasing faster than ever before!

6. Not only was the human population growing, it was moving.

7. Migration from Europe from 1750 or earlier
Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

8. Continuing Atlantic slave trade
after 1750
Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

9. Labor migration from Asia
mainly after 1750
Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

10. Major Global Migrations
Europeans overseas
including
Siberia
55-60,000,000
Africans to the
Americas
1,900,000
Asians overseas
2,500,000

11. And humans dealt with this need by using fossil fuels. Watch!
But a growing population meant that human need for resources—for energy—was growing, too.
And humans dealt with this need by using fossil fuels. Watch!

12. Small wax candle, 800 BCE 5 watts
Vaclav Smil, Energy in World History (Boulder CO: Westview Press, 1994), 268.
5 watts

13. Parson’s turbine, 1884 CE 100,000 watts
Vaclav Smil, Energy in World History (Boulder CO: Westview Press, 1994), 269.
100,000 watts

14. Communication Revolution Contents Under Pressure
The Modern Revolution
Fossil Fuels
Democratic Politics
Communication Revolution
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15. The Fossil Fuel Revolution The biological old regime ends when vast new sources of energy come into use: Coal Electricity Gas Petroleum Nuclear

16. By taking energy from fossil fuels like coal instead of biomass like wood…
Vaclav Smil, Energy in World History (Boulder CO: Westview Press, 1994), 162.

17. and with better and better steam engines to harness coal’s energy…
Image:

18. People could produce more efficiently.
Power loom weaving Lancashire, 1835

19. In Britain coal mines were close to factories and cities
In Britain coal mines were close to factories and cities. In China coal mines were far from factories and cities. How might history have been different if the closest sources of coal available to Britain were, say, in the Carpathian Mountains of southeastern Europe?

20. The Industrial Revolution
Fossil fuel energy in production and transportation
British Factory:
Clermont:
Rocket:

21. The Industrial Revolution allowed for new global economic relationships.

22. Cotton exports from agrarian economies to industrial economies
Russia
U.S.A.
India
Egypt
Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Cotton exports from agrarian
economies to industrial economies

23. Textile exports from industrial to agrarian economies
Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Textile exports from industrial to agrarian economies

24. Old limits on how much energy people could use were gone!
And in Big Era Seven people tore down other limits too…

25. And while that happened, people’s ideas about government changed, too!
In Big Era Seven, government played a greater role than
ever before in people’s lives.

26. Tom Paine argued for these ideas in Common Sense
New political ideas:
People should be free to choose their government.
Government should protect people’s liberties.
People should have equal rights.
Encyclopedia Americana, v. 21 (1999) p. 204
Tom Paine argued for these ideas in Common Sense
(1775)

27. A nation should be free to choose its government.
New political ideas
A nation should be free to choose its government.
Government should protect people’s liberties.
People should have equal rights.
Sounds democratic!

28. Contents Under Pressure
The Modern Revolution
Fossil Fuels
Democratic Politics
Communication Revolution
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29. Governments wrote constitutions.
Governments created representative institutions.
Ottoman students:
Constitution:
David’s Tennis Court Oath image:
Governments promoted education.

30. United States Constitution 1787
French National Assembly
1789
Ottoman students:
Constitution:
David’s Tennis Court Oath image:
Ottoman Turkish Regulations for Public Education 1869

31. What happened if governments wouldn’t make these changes themselves?

32. The Atlantic Revolutions
Change the government!
The Atlantic Revolutions
United States 1776
France 1789
Venezuela 1811
Haiti 1791
Jefferson:
Danton: Encyclopedia Americana 1999 v. 8 p. 491
Toussaint L’Ouverture: ToussaintArticle.html
Bolívar: Encyclopedia Americana, v. 4 (1999), p. 161

33. In each country, people struggled over liberty, equality, and nationalism.
United States 1776
France 1789
Venezuela 1811
Haiti 1791
Jefferson:
Danton: Encyclopedia Americana 1999 v. 8 p. 491
Toussaint L’Ouverture: ToussaintArticle.html
Bolívar: Encyclopedia Americana, v. 4 (1999), p. 161

34. So much was changing so fast… How could people keep up?

35. People moved more quickly. Ideas moved more quickly.

36. The Communication Revolution
Steamboat
Railroad
Transatlantic cable
Newspaper

37. Railway Development in Europe
1840
1850

38. Railway Development in Europe
1880

39. Communication Revolution
The Modern Revolution
Communication Revolution
Democratic Politics
Fossil Fuels
Communication! It’s in the package!
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40. World Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Dollars
The Modern Revolution meant powerful economic growth in the world as a whole.
Chart data adapted from Angus Maddison, The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective (Paris: Development Centre of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001), 261.
World Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Dollars
as valued in 1990

41. After the Modern Revolution, much more food went on the world market…
Mike Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World (New York: Verso, 2001), 45.
India, 1877

42. and it was often shipped to where it got the highest price,
Mike Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World (New York: Verso, 2001), 45.
India, 1877

43. not to where it was needed most.
Mike Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World (New York: Verso, 2001), 52.

44. And industrial technology could be used not only to create, but to destroy.

45. And more of the world was colonized than ever before.

46. Battle of Omdurman, Sudan, 1898
Sudanese dead, 10,000
British dead, 48

47. Land surface of the world controlled by Europeans:
The European Moment
Land surface of the world controlled by Europeans: % % %
But duration of European world domination in the past 2000 years: 80
yrs

48. Some elites around the world tried to adopt parts of the Modern Revolution to strengthen their own governments.
Japan
Egypt
Meiji:
Aleksander II:
Porfirio Díaz: Encyclopedia Britannica Micropedia 15th ed., v. 4 (2002), p. 70
Muhammad Ali: unknown
Russia
Mexico

49. Maintain independence.
Modernize the army.
Modernize the economy.
Maintain independence.
Japan
Egypt
Meiji:
Aleksander II:
Porfirio Díaz: Encyclopedia Britannica Micropedia 15th ed., v. 4 (2002), p. 70
Muhammad Ali: unknown
Russia
Mexico

50. The Modern Revolution Fossil Fuels Democratic Politics
Communication Revolution
But the Modern Revolution comes in a package!
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51. The Modern Revolution Communication Revolution Democratic Politics
Once you open the package, you open the whole thing!
Communication Revolution
Democratic Politics
Fossil Fuels
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52. People who traveled to learn about one part of the Modern Revolution, like fossil fuels,….
British Factory:
Japanese Factory: Bentley v. 2 p. 866
Clermont:
Rocket:

53. also learned about the democratic part of the Modern Revolution.
Jefferson:
Danton: Encyclopedia Americana 1999 v. 8 p. 491
Toussaint L’Ouverture: ToussaintArticle.html
Bolívar: Encyclopedia Americana, v. 4 (1999), p. 161

54. And they didn’t keep the ideas to themselves
And they didn’t keep the ideas to themselves. They communicated them, because it was all part of the package.
Clermont:
Rocket:
Newspaper:
Transatlantic cable: D. Christian’s Industrial Rev. ppt from Big History Course

55. And powerful elites who wanted to modernize in some ways did not count on people demanding the democratic part of the package.
Meiji:
Aleksander II:
Porfirio Díaz: Encyclopedia Britannica Micropedia 15th ed., v. 4 (2002), p. 70
Muhammad Ali: unknown

56. Communication Revolution Contents Under Pressure
The Modern Revolution
Fossil Fuels
Democratic Politics
Communication Revolution
I get it!
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57. Contents Under Pressure
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58. The Modern Revolution promises many things to many people.
No wonder the package is under pressure!

59. And once the package is opened, the whole world jumps in!
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60. Contents Under Pressure
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61. Big Era Seven
The End