1. Biology : Principles of Biology I
Syllabus Basics and Important Notes

2. Biology: Exploring Life
Chapter 1
Biology: Exploring Life

3. Key Terms (page 1) Adaptation Archaea Atom Bacteria Biology Biosphere
Cell
Community
Consumers
Controlled experiment
Decomposers
Domains
Ecosystem
Emergent properties
Eukarya
Eukaryotes
Hypothesis
Kingdoms
Molecule
Natural selection
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4. Key Terms (page 2) Organ system Organelle Organism Organs Population
Producers
Prokaryotes
Prokaryotic cell
Species
System
Taxonomy
Technology
Theories
Tissues
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5. A Big-Billed Bird Rebounds
A Big-Billed Bird Rebounds
Brown pelicans
Are part of the web of life in their environment
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6. The brown pelicans’ proximity to humans
The brown pelicans’ proximity to humans
Has meant trouble for the species
The brown pelicans’ connection to the environment
Sets the stage for the study of biology
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7. THE SCOPE OF BIOLOGY Figure 1.1
1.1 Life’s levels of organization define the scope of biology
Life’s structural hierarchy
Defines the scope of biology: the scientific study of life
Biosphere
Ecosystem
Florida coast
Community
All organisms on
the Florida coast
Population
Group of brown
pelicans
Organism
Brown pelican
Organ system
Nervous system
Organ
Brain
Tissue
Nervous tissue
Cell
Nerve cell
Organelle
Nucleus
Molecule
DNA
Atom
Spinal cord
Nerve
Figure 1.1
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8. Figure 1.1
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9. Question
Which of the following levels of biological organization includes all others in the list: cell, molecule, organ, tissue?
Organ
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10. As well as the nonliving environmental components
An ecosystem consists of all the organisms living in a par ticular area
As well as the nonliving environmental components
All the living organisms in an ecosystem
Make up a community
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11. Consists of a localized group of individuals of a species
A population
Consists of a localized group of individuals of a species
An individual living entity
Is an organism
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12. The hierarchy continues downward with Organ systems Organs Tissues
The hierarchy continues downward with
Organ systems
Organs
Tissues
Cells
Organelles
Molecules
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13. Concept Check
Which of the following levels of life’s hierarchy is not appropriate when referring to two of life’s domains: Archaea and Bacteria?
The population level.
The organism level.
The organ level.
The molecular level.
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14. Answer
Which of the following levels of life’s hierarchy is not appropriate when referring to two of life’s domains: Archaea and Bacteria?
The organ level.
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15. 1.2 Living organisms and their environments form interconnecting webs
1.2 Living organisms and their environments form interconnecting webs
Ecosystems are characterized by the cycling of chemical nutrients from the atmosphere and soil
To producers to consumers to decomposers and back to the environment which contains both living and nonliving components
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16. Environment
ENVIRONMENT natural world: the natural world, within which people, animals, and plants live. It is regarded by many as being at risk from the harmful influences of industrialized societies. Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library © Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
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17. 1.2 Living organisms and their environments form interconnecting webs
Two major processes are at work in an ecosystem:
The recycling of chemical nutrients
The flow of energy
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18. Question
Explain how the photosynthesis of plants functions in both the cycling of chemical nutrients and the flow of energy in an ecosystem.
Photosynthesis use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water to make energy rich compounds/food, making it the pathway for nutrients and energy for most organisms. It is the basis of the entire food chain for all living organisms.
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20. Energy flows one-way through an ecosystem
Energy flows one-way through an ecosystem
From the sun to producers to consumers and exits as heat
Sun
Air
CO2 O2
H2O
Chemical
energy
Inflow of
light
Loss
heat
Producers
Cycling
nutrients
Consumers
Decomposers
Soil
Ecosystem
Figure 1.2
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21. Question Explain why cells are considered the basic unit of life
They are the lowest level in hierarchy of biological organization at which properties of life actually appear.
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22. 1.3 Cells are the structural and functional units of life
1.3 Cells are the structural and functional units of life
A cell
Is the basic unit of life that can perform all functions necessary for life including:
Regulate its internal environment
Take in and use energy
Respond to its local environment
Develop and maintain its complex organization
Divide to form new cells
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23. from the complex organization of a system, such as a cell
New proper ties emerge
from the complex organization of a system, such as a cell
An important theme of biology is the emergent property:
Life is dependent on the organizational levels of a cell – or “the whole is greater than sum of its parts.”
System: the combination of the parts that from a more complex organization, regardless if it is a cell or a community.
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24. Eukaryotic cells
Contain membrane-enclosed organelles, including a DNA-containing nucleus
Prokaryotic cells
Lack such organelles
Nucleus
(contains DNA)
Eukar yotic
cell
Prokar yotic cell
DNA
(no nucleus)
Organelles
25,000 
Figure 1.3
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25. Question What is the chemical basis of all life’s kinship?
DNA is the genetic material
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26. EVOLUTION, UNITY, AND DIVERSITY
1.4 The unity of life: All forms of life have common features
DNA is the genetic information
For constructing the molecules that make up cells and organisms
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27. Each species’ genetic instructions
Each species’ genetic instructions
Are coded in the sequences of the four building blocks making up DNA’s two helically coiled chains A C T G
Figure 1.4A
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28. DNA is the genetic information
DNA is the genetic information for constructing the molecules that make up cells and organisms. Each species’ genetic instructions are coded in the sequences of the four building blocks making up DNA’s two helically coiled chains. All organisms share a set of common features:
ordered structures
regulation of the internal conditions
growth and development
energy use
response to environmental stimuli
the ability to reproduce and evolve.
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29. Question List the 6 basic characteristics of life. Ordered structures
Regulation of internal conditions
Growth and development
Energy use
Response to environmental stimuli
The ability to reproduce and evolve
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30. Homeostasis All organisms share a common set of features
All organisms share a common set of features
Ordered structures
Regulation of internal conditions
Figure 1.4B
Figure 1.4C
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31. Growth and development Energy use Response to environmental stimuli
Growth and development
Energy use
Response to environmental stimuli
The ability to reproduce and evolve
Figure 1.4D
Figure 1.4E
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32. Question List the three domains and the five kingdoms.
Give examples of each.
Eukaryote, Bacteria, Achaea
Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Monera, Protista
Any animal, any plant, yeast and mushrooms, E. coli, algae and amoeba
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33. 1.5 The diversity of life can be arranged into three domains
1.5 The diversity of life can be arranged into three domains
Organisms are grouped (classified) into:
the prokaryotic 2 domains:
Bacteria and Archaea
the eukaryotic domain
Eukarya
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34. Domains Bacteria and Archaea
Domains Bacteria and Archaea
SEM 3,250
Figure 1.5A
SEM 25,000
Figure 1.5B
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35. Domain Eukarya includes
Domain Eukarya includes
Protists (protozoans and algae, falling into multiple kingdoms)
The kingdoms Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia
Kingdom Fungi
275
Kingdom Animalia
Protists
(multiple kingdoms)
Kingdom
Plantae
Figure 1.5C
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36. 1.6 Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life
1.6 Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life
Charles Dar win
Synthesized the theory of evolution by natural selection
Figure 1.6A
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37. Concept Check
Darwin proposed the theory of natural selection. For the most part natural selection acts as a filtering agent at the ___________level of life’s hierarchy.
Community
Population
Individual
Organ
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38. Answer
Darwin proposed the theory of natural selection. For the most part natural selection acts as a filtering agent at the ___________level of life’s hierarchy.
Population
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39. Natural selection is an editing mechanism:
Natural selection is an editing mechanism:
That occurs when populations or organisms, having inherited variations, are exposed to environmental factors that favor the reproductive success of some individuals over others 1 2 3
Populations with varied inherited traits
Elimination of individuals with certain traits
Reproduction of survivors
Figure 1.6B
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40. All organisms have adaptations
All organisms have adaptations
That have evolved by means of natural selection
Killer whale
Pangolin
Figure 1.6C
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41. Question
How does natural selection allow a population to adapt to its environment?
On average, those organisms with heritable traits best suited for their local environment produce the largest number of offspring that survive and reproduce. This increases the frequency of these traits in the population.
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42. 1.7 Scientists use two main approaches to learn about nature
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE
1.7 Scientists use two main approaches to learn about nature
Science
Is a way of knowing
Seeks natural causes for natural phenomena
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43. 1. Discovery Science In discovery science
1. Discovery Science
In discovery science
Scientists describe some aspect of the world and use inductive reasoning to draw general conclusions
Inductive: LOGIC reaching a conclusion based on observation: generalizing to produce a universal claim or principle from observed instances
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44. 2. Hypothesis-Based Science
2. Hypothesis-Based Science
In hypothesis-based science
Scientists attempt to explain obser vations by testing hypotheses
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45. 1.8 With hypothesis-based science, we pose and test hypotheses
1.8 With hypothesis-based science, we pose and test hypotheses
Hypothesis-based science involves:
Obser vations, questions, hypotheses as tentative answers to questions and
Deductions leading to predictions, and then tests of predictions to see if a hypothesis is falsifiable
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46. Question
What is the difference between discovery science and hypothesis-based science?
In the first, scientists make observations and describe objects and phenomena (inductive reasoning); in the second, they propose hypotheses, make deductions, and test predictions.
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47. Hypothesis
Theory needing investigation: a tentative explanation for a phenomenon, used as a basis for further investigation
The hypothesis of the big bang is one way to explain the beginning of the universe.
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48. Hypothesis - defined
A conjecture advanced for heuristic purposes, cast in a form that is amenable to confirmation or refutation by conducting of definable experiments and the critical assembly of empiric data; not to be confused with assumption, postulation, or unfocused speculation.
Heuristic: LOGIC procedure for getting solution: a helpful procedure for arriving at a solution but not necessarily a proof
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49. Deduction
Conclusion drawn: a conclusion drawn from available information.
Drawing a conclusion: the process of drawing a conclusion from available information.
LOGIC logical conclusion: a conclusion reached by applying the rules of logic to a premise.
LOGIC reasoning: the forming of conclusions by applying the rules of logic to a premise
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50. A Case Study from Ever yday Life
A Case Study from Ever yday Life
Deductive reasoning is used in testing hypotheses as follows
If a hypothesis is correct, and we test it, then we can expect a par ticular outcome
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51. Figure 1.8A The hypothesis-driven scientific method (layer 1)
Observations
Question
Hypothesis # 1:
Dead batteries
Hypothesis # 2:
Burnt-out bulb
Prediction:
Replacing batteries
will fix problem
Replacing bulb
Test prediction
Test falsifies hypothesis
Test does not falsify hypothesis
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52. Figure 1.8A The hypothesis-driven scientific method (layer 2)
Observations
Question
Hypothesis # 1:
Dead batteries
Hypothesis # 2:
Burnt-out bulb
Prediction:
Replacing batteries
will fix problem
Replacing bulb
Test prediction
Test falsifies hypothesis
Test does not falsify hypothesis
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53. Figure 1.8A The hypothesis-driven scientific method (layer 3)
Observations
Question
Hypothesis # 1:
Dead batteries
Hypothesis # 2:
Burnt-out bulb
Prediction:
Replacing batteries
will fix problem
Replacing bulb
Test prediction
Test falsifies hypothesis
Test does not falsify hypothesis
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54. Five Steps of the scientific method
Observation come from others or results of earlier tests
Questions are asked about unclear aspects of the observations: How? Why? When?
Hypotheses are tentative explanation of a phenomenon phrased in such a way as to be testable.
Predictions are logical, testable outcomes of the hypotheses developed by the use of deductive reasoning. Predictions take the form of if (statement of hypotheses) is true, then (predictions).
Tests of prediction are performed to determine if the predictions are supported (fail to falsify) or falsified.
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55. Two important qualities of the hypotheses-based science
A hypothesis must be testable.
A hypothesis must be falsifiable.
A hypothesis becomes credible when repeated attempts to disprove it fail.
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56. Controls
Controlled experiment, one that is designed to compare an experimental group with a control group.
Ideally, the experimental and control groups differ only in the one factor the experiment is designed to test.
Without the control group, one could not rule out certain test areas as the cause of the difference.
This experimental design should leave only one factor to account for the difference in the two groups.
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57. Question What two required features of an hypothesis?
It must be testable and falsifiable
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58. Question
Why is it difficult to draw a conclusion from an experiment that is not controlled?
Without a control you don’t know if the experimental outcome is due to the variable you are trying to test or due to some other variable.
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59. BIOLOGY AND EVERYDAY LIFE CONNECTION
1.8 Biology is connected to our lives in many ways:
Biology in the news has an enormous impact on our every day lives. Some examples of biology in the news are endangered species, genetically modified crops, global warming, pollution, cloning, nutrition, emerging diseases, and medical advances.
Technology is the practical application of scientific knowledge and discovery. Scientists speak of discovery while engineers speak of inventions. Scientists and engineers benefit from the work and success of each other.
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60. Biology is connected to many impor tant issues in our lives
Biology is connected to many impor tant issues in our lives
Environmental problems and solutions
Genetic engineering
Medicine
Figure 1.9
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61. Many technological advances Stem from scientific research
Many technological advances
Stem from scientific research
The science-technology-society relationship
Is an impor tant aspect of a biology course
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62. Evolution and Natural Selection
Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life. Charles Darwin synthesized the theory of evolution by natural selection. Natural selection is an editing mechanism that occurs when populations of organisms having inherited variations are exposed to environmental factors that favor the reproductive success of some individuals over others. All organisms have adaptations that have evolved by means of natural selection.
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63. Evolution and Natural Selection
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