1. A need or desire that leads to action
Motivation
A need or desire that leads to action

2. Motivation Overview Perspectives Major Motivators
Instincts & Evolution
Drives & Incentives
Optimum Arousal
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Major Motivators
Hunger
Sex
Need to Belong

3. Instincts & Evolution Instinct – fixed and unlearned behavior
The more complex the organism the more flexible the behaviors
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
Survival of the fittest
Could be strongest, fastest, best smeller, most fertile
Dogs naturally want to breed by 6 months

5. Drives & Incentives Drive-reduction Theory
Needs cause a drive to reduce/satisfy need
Organism wants to maintain homeostasis
Incentives pull (positive or negative stimuli)
Freud argues that an inability to satisfy a desire leads to “unconscious baggage”

6. Optimum Arousal We naturally seek arousal
This might explain “adrenaline junkies”

8. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Physiological
Basic hunger & thirst
Safety
Safe, secure, and stable
Want to know what is going on

9. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Belongingness & love
Love & acceptance
Avoid loneliness
Esteem
Self-esteem through achievement & independence
Recognition & respect from others
Self-actualization
Live up to full potential
The best possible you

10. Types of Motivation Intrinsic Motivation Extrinsic Motivation
A desire or drive coming from within
Try hard because you like it or want to
Extrinsic Motivation
Motivation provided by receiving a reward or avoiding a punishment
Try hard because it will get you something

11. Major Motivators
Biological
Hunger
Thirst
Sexual Reproduction

12. Major Motivators Nonsurvival Needs Psychological Curiosity Stimulation
Manipulation
Stimulation
Psychological
Affiliation
Approval/acceptance
Achievement

13. I Just Want to be Part of the Group
The Need to Belong
I Just Want to be Part of the Group

14. Affiliation Likely aided in survival Increasing social acceptance
Cooperation improves performance
Increasing social acceptance
Conform to avoid rejection = increases self-esteem
Maintaining relationships
Dissolving relationships leads to negative emotions

15. Affiliation Ostracism Health
Being excluded from the group can be used as a punishment
Causes pain and insecurity
Can lead to aggressive behaviors in some individuals
Health
Strong relationships lead to healthier people with lower levels of depression, suicide, and early death

16. Need to belong summary
Wanting to Belong: The need to belong colors our thinking and emotions.
Social Acceptance: A sense of belonging with others increases our self-esteem. Social segregation decreases it.
Maintaining Relationships: We resist breaking social bonds, even bad ones.
Ostracism: Social exclusion leads to demoralization, depression, and at times nasty behavior.
Fortifying Health: People who tend to have close friends are happier and healthier.