1. Medical Terminology Mrs. Opland
The Nervous System
Medical Terminology
Mrs. Opland

2. Functions Of …
Coordinates and controls all bodily activities

3. Structures of the Nervous System
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain and Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Cranial nerves
Spinal nerves

4. The Nerves
Nerve
One or more bundles of neuron cells the brain and spinal cord with other parts of the body
Impulse carrying fibers

5. The Nerves
Terms
Receptors: sites that receive external stimulation. These external stimuli are sent to the brain for interpretation

6. Stimulus: anything that excites or activates a nerve and causes an impulse
Impulse: A wave of excitation transmitted through nerve fibers and neurons.

7. The Reflexes…
Reflex: automatic, involuntary response to some change, either inside or outside the body
Maintenance of the heart rate, breathing rate, and b/p
Coughing, sneezing, and reactions to painful stimuli

8. The Neuron…
Neuron: basic cell of the nervous system

9. Synapses …
Synapses: space between two neurons or between a neuron and receptor organ

10. Neurotransmitters …
Neurotransmitters: a chemical messenger that transmits messages between nerve cells

11. Myelin Sheath
Myelin Sheath: white protective covering over some nerve cells
White matter: myelin sheath gives nerve fibers a white color
Myelinated: means having a myelin sheath

12. Myelin Sheath
Gray matter: portions of nerves that do not have a myelin sheath are gray and make up the gray matter of the brain and spinal cord

13. The Central Nervous System
CNS: central nervous system
Brain
Spinal Cord

14. The Meninges
Meninges: three membrane that enclose the brain and spinal cord

16. Cerebrospinal Fluid …
Cerebrospinal fluid: watery fluid, functions are to nourish, cool, and cool the brain and spinal cord from shock or injury

17. Cerebrum Cerebrum: largest and upper most portion of the brain
Responsible for thought, judgment, memory, association, and discrimination

18. Lobes: areas of the brain

19. Ventricles: small cavity within the middle region of the cerebrum

20. Cerebellum Cerebellum: 2nd largest part of brain
Controls skeletal muscles

21. Brainstem
Midbrain: extends from the lower surface of the cerebrum to the pons
Conduction pathways to and from higher and lower centers

22. The pons: means bridge At base of brain
Nerve cells cross from one side to the other side of the brain to control the opposite side of the body.

23. Medulla Oblongata: Located at the lowest part of brainstem
Controls basic life functions including respiration, heart rate, b/p

24. Spinal Cord …
Spinal Cord: pathway for impulses going to and from the brain

25. Peripheral Nervous System
Peripheral nervous system (PNS):
cranial nerves (extending from the brain)
Spinal nerves (extending from the spinal cord)

26. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
12 pairs of cranial nerves extending from the brain
31 pairs of spinal nerves extending from the spinal cord

27. Autonomic Nervous System
(ANS): controls involuntary actions of the body
Sympathetic Nervous System
Decreases digestive system
Increases B/P
Increases heart rate
Increases pulse
Increases breathing rate

28. Parasympathetic Nervous System
Increases digestive system
Decreases pulse
Decreases heart rate
Decreases b/p
Decreases breathing rate

30. Medical Specialties Anesthesiologist: Anesthetist:
                                                                                                  
Anesthesiologist:
Physician who specializes in administering anesthetic agents before and during surgery
(an- without esthesi feeling -ologist specialist)
Anesthetist:
Person trained in administering anesthesia but is not necessarily a physician

31. Neurologist: Neurosurgeon:
Specialist of diseases and disorders of the nervous system
Neurosurgeon:
Physician who specializes in surgery of the nervous system

32. Psychiatrist: Psychologist:
MD specializing in dx & tx chemical dependencies, emotional problems, and mental illness
(psych – mind -iatrist – specialist
Psychologist:
Holds an advanced degree, other than a medical degree, and specializes in evaluating and treating emotional problems
(psych – mind -ologist – specialist)
                                                                                                                                          

33. Pathology of the Nervous System
Cephalalgia:
Migraine headache:
Encephalocele:
headache
sudden, severe, sharp headache
congenital gap in the skull with herniation of brain substance

34. Hydrocephalus: Meningocele:
                                   
Abnormal increase of cerebrospinal fluid within the brain
Protrusion of the membranes of the brain or spinal cord through a defect in the skull or spinal column

35. Meningitis:
Inflammation of the meninges of the brain or spinal cord

36. Disorders of the brain …
Alzheimer’s disease:
Cognition:
Encephalitis:
Degenerative changes in the brain structure: progressive memory loss, impaired thinking, and personality changes
                      
Mental activities associated with thinking, learning, and memory
Inflammation of the brain

37. Disorders of the brain …
Parkinson’s disease:
Tetanus:
Chronic, slow progressive, CNS disorder:
characterized by tremors, mask-like facial expression, and shuffling gait
“Lockjaw”: acute, potentially fatal bacterial infection of the CNS

38. Violent shaking or jarring of the brain
Brain Injuries …
Amnesia:
Concussion (cerebral concussion):
Disturbance in memory characterized by partial or complete memory loss
Violent shaking or jarring of the brain

39. Brain Injuries … Cerebral contusion: Cranial hematoma:
Bruising of brain tissue from a brain injury
Collection of blood trapped in the tissues of the brain

40. Levels of Consciousness
Syncope:
Lethargy:
“Alert”: awake, aware, responding appropriately
“fainting”: brief loss of consciousness due to a brief lack of oxygen to the brain
Listlessness, drowsiness, and apathy

41. Levels of Consciousness
Stupor:
Coma:
Impaired consciousness marked by the lack of responsiveness to environmental stimuli
Deep state of unconsciousness: no response to painful stimuli, and no vocalization

42. Delirium:
Dementia:
A delirious client is confused, disoriented, and unable to think clearly
Slowly progressive decline in mental abilities: memory, thinking, judgment, and the ability to pay attention

43. Brain tumors: Brain Tumor: Abnormal growth within the brain
May be malignant or benign
Malignant: cancerous / life threatening
Benign: noncancerous / non life threatening

44. Strokes: Cerebrovascular Accident: Transient Ischemic Attacks:
Damage to the brain due to a blood vessel that is either blocked or has ruptured
Transient Ischemic Attacks:
Temporary interruption in blood supply to the brain

45. Ischemic stroke: Cerebral thrombosis: Aphasia:
Flow of blood in the brain is blocked
Cerebral thrombosis:
Thrombus (clot) blocks the artery
Aphasia:
Loss of the ability to speak, write, or comprehend the written or spoken word
(a – without phasia speech)
                                               

46. Hemorrhagic Stroke:
A bleed … blood vessel in the brain leaks or ruptures

47. Sleep Disorders … Insomnia: Narcolepsy: Somnolence:
Prolonged or abnormal inability to sleep
Narcolepsy:
Recurrent uncontrollable seizures of drowsiniess and sleep
(narc/o – stupor lepsy – seizure)
Somnolence:
Sleepwalking
(somn – sleep ambul - to walk -ism – condition of)

48. Spinal Cord … Myelitis: Myelosis: Multiple sclerosis:
Inflammation of the spinal cord or bone marrow
Abnormal condition of the spinal cord or bone marrow = tumor of the spinal cord
Progressive, characterized by scattered patches of demyelination of nerve fibers of the brain & spinal cord: sx = tremors, paralysis, speech disturbances

49. Poliomyelitis:
Viral infection of the gray matter of the spinal cord that may result in paralysis

50. Nerves: Lou Gehrigs disease: Bell’s palsy:
Degeneration of motor neurons in which people become progressively weaker until they are completely paralyzed. Intellect, eye motion, bladder function, and sensations are spared
Paralysis of the 7th cranial nerve causing drooping only on the affected side of the face

51. Nerves: Peripheral neuropathy:
Painful condition of the hands & feet due to nerve damage

52. Sciatica:
Inflammation of the sciatica nerve: causes pain along the course f the nerve through the thigh and leg

53. Abnormal Sensations … Causalgia: Hyperesthesia Paresthesia:
Intense burning pain after injury to a sensory nerve
Excessive sensitivity to stimuli
Abnormal sensation such as burning, tingling, or numbness for no apparent reason

54. Cerebral Palsy Cerebral Palsy: Characterized by poor muscle control
Caused by an injury to part of the brain that controls muscle movements
Occurs during pregnancy, birth or soon after birth… usually due to lack of oxygen

55. Convulsions & Seizures
Convulsion / Seizure:
Generalized seizure:
Sudden, violent, involuntary contraction of a group of muscles caused by a disturbance in the brain
Rigidity and violent spasms alternating with jerking movements of the face, trunk, or extremities

56. Convulsions & Seizures
Tonic convulsion:
Clonic convulsion:
Partial or localized seizure:
Muscle contractions resulting in rigidity and violent spasms
Contraction and relaxation of muscles resulting in jerking movements of the face, trunk, or extremities
Specific motor, sensory, or psychomotor phenomena without loss of consciousness

57. Epilepsy Epilepsy: Grand mal epilepsy: Petit mal epilepsy:
Epileptic aura:
Episodes of seizures….
More severe form: generalized tonic-clonic siezures
Milder form: sudden, temporary loss of consciousness, lasting only a few seconds
Manifestation such as a smell or light, which may be experienced before a seizure

58. Mental Health Described as mental disorders, often caused by
Physical changes
Substance abuse
Medications
Or any combination of those factors
                         

59. Developmental Disorders….
Mental retardation:
Autistic disorder
Attention deficit disorder (ADD):
                                                                                                          
Significantly below average general intellectual functioning
Young child cannot develop normal social relationships: behaves in compulsive and ritualistic ways, and poor communication skills
Short attention span and impulsiveness

60. Attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Dyslexia:
Inattention and hyperactivity
“reading disorder” learning disability characterized by reading achievement that falls below normal expectations

61. Substance-Related Disorders
Addiction:
Alcoholism:
Delirium tremens (DT’s):
Compulsive and overwhelming involvement with a specific activity
Alcohol abuse
Caused by alcohol withdrawal: sweating, tremor, restlessness, anxiety, mental confusion, and hallucinations

62. Schizophrenia & other Psychotic Disorders …
Delusion:
Derangement of personality, loss of contact with reality, and decrease normal social functioning
Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech; often incoherent, and disruptive or catatonic
False personal belief; maintain despite obvious proof or evidence to the contrary

63. Hallucination: Catatonic behavior:
Sense perception (sight, sound, touch, smell, or taste) that has no basis in external stimuli
Marked by lack of responsiveness, stupor, and tendency to remain in a fixed position
This woman has been diagnosed with catatonic schizophrenia.
She will hold this difficult pose for hours or even days

64. Mood Disorders: Manic episode: Major depressive episode:
Bipolar disorder (manic-depressive disorder):
Period of elevated, expansive and irritable mood
Loss of interest or pleasure in nearly all activities
Manic episodes alternating with depressive moods

65. Panic Disorders: Panic disorders: Panic Attack:
Intense feelings of apprehension, fearfulness, & terror; this group of symptoms is known as a panic attack
Feelings as above: symptoms include shortness of breath, profuse sweating, heart palpitations, chest pain, and choking sensation

66. Anxiety Disorders Anxiety state: Obsessive-complusive disorder:
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD):
Feeling of apprehension, tension, or uneasiness
Pattern of behaviors repeated over and over, persistent ideas, thoughts, or images
Symptoms after a psychologically traumatic event

67. Phobias Phobia: Claustrophobia
Persistent irrational fear of a situation or thing
Abnormal fear of being in narrow or enclosed spaces

68. Somatoform Disorders:
Conversion disorder:
Hypochondriasis:
       
Describe physical symptoms not explained by patients actual medical condition
Physical change; i.e. paralysis of an arm with no physical cause
Preoccupation with fears of having a serious disease

69. Impulse-control Disorders
Kleptomania:
Pyromania:
Impulse behavior to steal objects not for immediate use or their monetary value
Recurrent failure to resist impulses to set fires

70. Personality Disorders …
Antisocial personality disorder:
Narcissistic personality disorder:
Pattern of behavior that deviates from normal
Disregard for, & violation of, the rights of others
Exaggerated need for admiration and complete lack of empathy

71. Tx Procedures … Medications Tranquilizers (antianxiety drugs):
Antidepressants:
Antipsychotic:
Psychotropic drugs:
Suppress anxiety and relax muscles
Prevents or relieves depression
Treat sx of severe psychiatric disorders
Capable of affecting the mind, emotions, and behavior; used in tx of mental illness

72. Drug that relieves pain without affecting consciousness
Pain Control
Analgesic:
Narcotic analgesic:
Drug that relieves pain without affecting consciousness
Used to relieve severe pain

73. Sedative and Hypnotic Medications
Phenobarbital:
Anticonvulsant:
Depresses the CNS to produce a calm and diminished responsiveness without producing sleep
Depresses the CNS and usually produces sleep
Sedative and anticonvulsant
Prevents seizures and convulsions

74. Anesthesia Anesthesia: Topical anesthesia: Local anesthesia:
Regional anesthesia:
Absence of normal sensation esp. to pain
Numbs tissue surface only
Loss of sensation in a limited area
Temporary interruption of nerve conduction by injecting an anesthetic solution near the nerves to be blocked.

75. Total loss of body sensation and consciousness
Epidural anesthesia:
Spinal anesthesia:
General anesthesia:
Produced by injecting a local anesthetic into the epidural space of the lumbar or sacral region of the spine
Produced by injecting an anesthetic into the subarachnoid space surrounding the spinal cord
Total loss of body sensation and consciousness

76. Surgical removal of a portion of the brain
Brain and Head
Electroshock therapy / electroconvulsive therapy:
Lobectomy:
Controlled convulsion produced by an electrical current through the brain
Surgical removal of a portion of the brain