1. Chapter 3 Numerical Data
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2. Chapter 3 Objectives
After you have read and studied this chapter, you should be able to
Select proper types for numerical data.
Write arithmetic expressions in Java.
Evaluate arithmetic expressions, using the precedence rules.
Describe how the memory allocation works for objects and primitive data values.
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3. Chapter 3 Objectives, cont.
After you have read and studied this chapter, you should be able to
Write mathematical expressions, using methods in the Math class.
Use the GregorianCalendar class in manipulating date information such as year, month, and day.
Use the DecimalFormat class to format numerical data.
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4. Chapter 3 Objectives, cont.
After you have read and studied this chapter, you should be able to
Convert input string values to numerical data.
Apply the incremental development technique in writing programs.
(Optional) Describe how integers and real numbers are represented in memory.
Input data by using System.in and output data using System.out.
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5. 3.1 Variables
To compute the sum and the difference of x and y in a program, we must first declare what kind of data will be assigned to them.
After we assign values to them, we can compute their sum and difference.
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6. 3.1 Variables When a declaration, such as int x, y;
is made, memory locations to store data values for x and y are allocated.
These memory locations are called variables, and x and y are the names we associate with the memory locations.
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7. 3.1 Variables A variable has three properties:
A memory location to store the value.
The type of data stored in the memory location.
The name used to refer to the memory location.
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8. <data type> <variables>;
The syntax for declaring variables is
<data type> <variables>;
where <variables> is a sequence of identifiers separated by commas.
Every variable we use in a program must be declared.
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9. 3.1 Variables There are six numerical data types in Java:
byte
short
int
long
float
double
Data types byte, short, int, and long are for integers.
Float and double are for real numbers.
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10. 3.1 Variables
At the time a variable is declared, it can also be initialized.
int count = 10, height = 34;
We assign a value to a variable by using an assignment statement.
Do not confuse mathematical equality and assignment. The following is not valid Java code:
4 + 5 = x;
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11. 3.1 Variables
The only difference between a variable for numbers and a variable for objects is the contents in the memory locations.
For numbers, a variable contains the numerical value itself.
For objects, a variable contains an address where the object is stored.
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12. Fig. 3.1
A diagram showing how two memory locations (variables) are declared, and values are assigned to them.
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13. Fig. 3.2
A difference between object declaration and numerical data declaration.
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14. 3.1 Variables We use the new command to create an object.
Objects are called reference data types, because the contents are addresses that refer to memory locations where the objects are actually stored.
Numerical data are called primitive data types.
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15. Fig. 3.3
An effect of assigning the content of one variable to another.
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16. 3.2 Arithmetic Expressions
Arithmetic operators in Java
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17. 3.2 Arithmetic Expressions
An illustration of a subexpression in the expression x + 3 * y
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18. 3.2 Arithmetic Expressions
Precedence rules for arithmetic operators and parentheses
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19. 3.2 Arithmetic Expressions
Rules for arithmetic promotion
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20. 3.3 Constants
If we want a variable to remain fixed, we use a constant.
A constant is declared in a manner similar to a variable, but with the additional reserved word final.
final double PI = ;
final int MONTHS_IN_YEAR = 12;
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21. 3.3 Constants
If a literal constant contains a decimal point, it is of type double by default.
To designate a literal constant of type float, append a letter f or F to the number:
2 * PI * F
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22. <number> E <exponent>
3.3 Constants
Numbers in scientific notation, such as
Number x 10exponent
are expressed in Java using the syntax
<number> E <exponent>
12.40e+209
29.009E-102
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23. 3.4 Getting Numerical Input Values
Wrapper classes are used to perform necessary type conversions, such as converting a String object to a numerical value.
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24. 3.4 Getting Numerical Input Values/*
Chapter 3 Sample Program: Compute Area and Circumference
File: Ch3Circle.java */
import javax.swing.*;
import java.text.*;
class Ch3Circle {
public static void main( String [] args ) {
final double PI = ;
String radiusStr;
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25. 3.4 Getting Numerical Input Values
double radius, area, circumference;
radiusStr = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(null, "Enter radius:");
radius = Double.parseDouble(radiusStr);
//compute area and circumference
area = PI * radius * radius;
circumference = 2.0 * PI * radius;
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "Given Radius: " + radius + "\n" + "Area: " + area + "\n" + "Circumference: " + circumference); }
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26. 3.4 Getting Numerical Input Values
An illustration of how the compiler interprets an overloaded operator.
int x = 1;
int y = 2;
String output = “test” + x + y;
String output = x + y + “test”;
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27. Fig. 3.4
The dialog that appears when the input value 2.35 was entered into the Ch3Circle program.
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28. Fig. 3.5
The result of formatting the output values by using a DecimalFormat object.
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29. 3.5 Standard Output
The showMessageDialog method is intended for displaying short one-line messages, not for a general-purpose output mechanism.
Using System.out, we can output multiple lines of text to the standard output window.
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30. Fig. 3.6
The standard output window for displaying multiple lines of text.
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31. 3.5 Standard Output We use the print method to output a value.
The print method will continue printing from the end of the currently displayed output.
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32. Fig. 3.7 Result of executing System.out.print(“Hello, Dr. Caffeine.”).
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33. Fig. 3.8
Result of sending five print messages to System.out of Figure 3.7.
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34. 3.5 Standard Output
The print method will do the necessary type conversion if we pass numerical data.
We can print an argument and skip to the next line so that subsequent output will start on the next line by using println instead of print.
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35. Fig. 3.9
The result of mixing print with four println messages to System.out.
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36. 3.6 Standard Input
The technique of using System.in to input data is called standard input.
Associating a BufferedReader object to the System.in object allows us to read a single line of text, then convert it to a value of a primitive data type.
Using the intermediate InputStreamReader object allows us to read a single character at a time.
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37. Fig. 3.10 How the sequence of I/O objects adds greater capabilities.
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38. Fig. 3.11 Sample interaction using System.in and System.out.
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39. 3.6 Standard Input
Calling the readLine method can result in an error condition called an exception.
To avoid this problem, add the clause throws IOException to the method declaration whenever a method includes a call to the readLine method.
public static void main(String [] args) throws IOException {
...
String input = bufReader.readLine(); }
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40. 3.7 The Math Class
The Math class in the java.lang package contains class methods for commonly used mathematical functions.
Table 3.6 contains a partial list of class methods available in the Math class.
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41. 3.8 The GregorianCalendar Class
The GregorianCalendar class is useful in manipulating calendar information such as year, month, and day.
Note that the first month of the year, January, is represented by 0.
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42. Fig. 3.12
Result of running the Ch3TestCalendar program at November 11, 2002, 6:13 p.m.
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43. 3.9 Sample Development: Loan Calculator
Program flow:
Get three input values: loanAmount, interestRate, and loanPeriod.
Compute the monthly and total payments.
Output the results.
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44. Fig. 3.13 The object diagram for the program LoanCalculator.
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45. 3.9 Sample Development: Loan Calculator
Steps of implementation:
Start with code to accept three input values.
Add code to output the results.
Add code to compute the monthly and total payments.
Update or modify code and tie up any loose ends.
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46. 3.9 Sample Development: Loan Calculator
Step 1 Development: Input Three Data Values
Call the showInputDialog method to accept three input values:
loan amount,
annual interest rate,
loan period.
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47. 3.9 Sample Development: Loan Calculator/*
Chapter 3 Sample Development: Loan Calculator (Step 1)
File: Step1/Ch3LoanCalculator.java
Step 1: Input Data Values */
import javax.swing.*;
class Ch3LoanCalculator {
public static void main (String[] args) {
double loanAmount,
annualInterestRate;
int loanPeriod;
String inputStr;
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48. 3.9 Sample Development: Loan Calculator
//get input values
inputStr = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(null,
"Loan Amount (Dollars+Cents):");
loanAmount = Double.parseDouble(inputStr);
"Annual Interest Rate (e.g., ):");
annualInterestRate = Double.parseDouble(inputStr);
"Loan Period - # of years:");
loanPeriod = Integer.parseInt(inputStr);
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49. 3.9 Sample Development: Loan Calculator
//echo print the input values
System.out.println("Loan Amount: $" + loanAmount);
System.out.println("Annual Interest Rate: " + annualInterestRate + "%");
System.out.println("Loan Period (years): " + loanPeriod); }
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50. 3.9 Sample Development: Loan Calculator
Step 2 Development: Output Values
We must determine an appropriate format to display the computed results, so that the results will be comprehensible to the user.
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51. Fig. 3.14
Two display formats: One with input values displayed, and the other with only the computed values displayed.
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52. 3.9 Sample Development: Loan Calculator/*
Chapter 3 Sample Development: Loan Calculator (Step 2)
File: Step2/Ch3LoanCalculator.java
Step 2: Display the Result */
import javax.swing.*;
class Ch3LoanCalculator {
public static void main (String[] args) {
double loanAmount,
annualInterestRate;
double monthlyPayment,
totalPayment;
int loanPeriod;
String inputStr;
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53. 3.9 Sample Development: Loan Calculator
//get input values
inputStr = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(null,
"Loan Amount (Dollars+Cents):");
loanAmount = Double.parseDouble(inputStr);
inputStr = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(null,
"Annual Interest Rate (e.g., ):");
annualInterestRate = Double.parseDouble(inputStr);
inputStr = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(null,
"Loan Period - # of years:");
loanPeriod = Integer.parseInt(inputStr);
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54. 3.9 Sample Development: Loan Calculator
//compute the monthly and total payments
monthlyPayment = ;
totalPayment = ;
//display the result
System.out.println("Loan Amount: $" + loanAmount);
System.out.println("Annual Interest Rate: " + annualInterestRate + "%");
System.out.println("Loan Period (years): " + loanPeriod);
System.out.println("\n"); //skip two lines
System.out.println("Monthly payment is $ " + monthlyPayment);
System.out.println(" TOTAL payment is $ " + totalPayment); }
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55. 3.9 Sample Development: Loan Calculator
Step 3 Development: Compute Loan Amount
Complete the program by implementing the formula derived in the design phase.
We must convert the annual interest rate (input value) to a monthly interest rate (per the formula), and the loan period to the number of monthly payments.
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56. 3.9 Sample Development: Loan Calculator/*
Chapter 3 Sample Development: Loan Calculator (Step 3)
File: Step3/Ch3LoanCalculator.java
Step 3: Compute the monthly and total payments */
import javax.swing.*;
class Ch3LoanCalculator {
public static void main (String[] args) {
final int MONTHS_IN_YEAR = 12;
double loanAmount, annualInterestRate,
monthlyPayment, totalPayment;
double monthlyInterestRate;
int loanPeriod, numberOfPayments;
String inputStr;
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57. 3.9 Sample Development: Loan Calculator
//get input values
inputStr = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(null,
"Loan Amount(Dollars+Cents):");
loanAmount = Double.parseDouble(inputStr);
inputStr = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(null,
"Annual Interest Rate (e.g., ):");
annualInterestRate=Double.parseDouble(inputStr);
inputStr = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(null, "Loan Period - # of years:");
loanPeriod = Integer.parseInt(inputStr);
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58. 3.9 Sample Development: Loan Calculator
//compute the monthly and total payments
monthlyInterestRate = annualInterestRate / MONTHS_IN_YEAR / 100;
numberOfPayments = loanPeriod * MONTHS_IN_YEAR;
monthlyPayment =
(loanAmount * monthlyInterestRate) /
(1 - Math.pow(1/(1 + monthlyInterestRate),
numberOfPayments ) );
totalPayment = monthlyPayment * numberOfPayments;
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59. 3.9 Sample Development: Loan Calculator
//display the result
System.out.println("Loan Amount: $" + loanAmount);
System.out.println("Annual Interest Rate: " + annualInterestRate + "%");
System.out.println("Loan Period (years): " + loanPeriod);
System.out.println("\n"); //skip two lines
System.out.println("Monthly payment is $ " + monthlyPayment);
System.out.println(" TOTAL payment is $ " + totalPayment); }
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60. 3.9 Sample Development: Loan Calculator
Step 4 Development: Finishing Up
Finalize the program by making necessary modifications or additions.
We will add a program description and format the monthly and total payments to two decimal places.
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61. 3.9 Sample Development: Loan Calculator/*
Chapter 3 Sample Development: Loan Calculator (Step 4)
File: Step4/Ch3LoanCalculator.java
Step 4: Finalize the program */
import javax.swing.*;
import java.text.*;
class Ch3LoanCalculator {
public static void main (String[] args) {
final int MONTHS_IN_YEAR = 12;
double loanAmount, annualInterestRate;
double monthlyPayment, totalPayment;
double monthlyInterestRate;
int loanPeriod, numberOfPayments;
String inputStr;
DecimalFormat df = new DecimalFormat("0.00");
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62. 3.9 Sample Development: Loan Calculator
//describe the program
System.out.println("This program computes the monthly and total");
System.out.println("payments for a given loan amount, annual ");
System.out.println("interest rate, and loan period.");
System.out.println("Loan amount in dollars and cents, e.g., ");
System.out.println("Annual interest rate in percentage, e.g., 12.75");
System.out.println("Loan period in number of years, e.g., 15");
System.out.println("\n"); //skip two lines
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63. 3.9 Sample Development: Loan Calculator
//get input values
inputStr = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(null,
"Loan Amount(Dollars+Cents):");
loanAmount = Double.parseDouble(inputStr);
"Annual Interest Rate (e.g., ):");
annualInterestRate = Double.parseDouble(inputStr);
"Loan Period - # of years:");
loanPeriod = Integer.parseInt(inputStr);
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64. 3.9 Sample Development: Loan Calculator
//compute the monthly and total payments
monthlyInterestRate = annualInterestRate / MONTHS_IN_YEAR / 100;
numberOfPayments = loanPeriod * MONTHS_IN_YEAR;
monthlyPayment =
(loanAmount * monthlyInterestRate) /
(1 - Math.pow(1/(1 + monthlyInterestRate),
numberOfPayments ) );
totalPayment = monthlyPayment * numberOfPayments;
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65. 3.9 Sample Development: Loan Calculator
//display the result
System.out.println("Loan Amount: $" + loanAmount);
System.out.println("Annual Interest Rate: " + annualInterestRate + "%");
System.out.println("Loan Period (years): " + loanPeriod);
System.out.println("\n"); //skip two lines
System.out.println("Monthly payment is $ "
+ df.format(monthlyPayment));
System.out.println(" TOTAL payment is $ "
+ df.format(totalPayment)); }
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