1. Papal reform movement, starting mid-11th c.
1046 Emperor Henry III (r ) takes
control of papacy
Pontificate of Leo IX
clerical marriage simony cardinals
1054 Schism between Roman and Greek
Orthodox Churches

2. Investiture Conflict/Investiture Controversy/
Papal Revolution
Dispute over lay investiture of bishops
1059 Church council at Rome entrusts election
of popes to cardinals. Nicholas II (p
61) makes alliance with Normans
Reign of Henry IV as German
emperor

3. 1073 Cardinal Hildebrand
becomes Pope Gregory
VII (p )
Feb 1075 Gregory issues decree
against lay investiture and
Dictatus Papae. Conflict
with Henry IV follows
Feb 1076 Gregory
excommunicates Henry

4. Jan 1077 Henry
successfully begs
pope for absolution
at Canossa. German
civil war follows
Diet of Augsburg

5. 1080 Gregory supports Rudolph in German
civil war, but Henry defeats and kills
Rudolph
1084 Henry occupies Rome, has self crowned
emperor by anti-pope. Gregory takes
refuge in Castel Sant’Angelo, appeals
to Normans

6. 1084 Normans come to aid of pope. Germans
withdraw from Rome. Normans loot
Rome then withdraw, taking Gregory
with them. He dies soon after in 1086.
Pontificate of Urban II, who re-asserts
Gregory’s points
1107 First compromise reached with English
king. Compromise with France follows
Reign of Henry V as German emperor

7. 1099-1118 Pontificate of Paschal II
Reign of Henry V as German emperor
1111 Henry occupies Rome, but no permanent
solution reached
1122 Henry and Calixtus II (p ) agree
Concordat of Worms
papal legates

8. Cathedral Canons, incl. Dean, Chancellor, Treasurer, Precentor
Pope
Cardinals
Archbishops/Bishops
Cathedral Canons, incl. Dean,
Chancellor, Treasurer, Precentor
Archdeacons (usually 4 archdeaconries/diocese)
Rural Deans
Village Priests
+ Minor Orders

9. 1084 Bruno, former master of cathedral school
at Reims, founds first Carthusian
monastery, La Grande Chartreuse
1098 Robert of Molesme founds abbey at
Citeaux
noblemen, incl. one called Bernard,
join the abbey

10. St Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153)
lay brothers
oblates

11. Map Link: Clunaic and Cistercian monasteries in Europe
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12. c. 1100 Appearance of Augustinian
Canons
1120 Foundation of Order of
Premonstratensian Canons
Fontevrault Abbey (bt )

13. Cathari/Albigensians Albi
Good spirit vs. evil matter
Manicheanism (3rd c.)
Bogimils (10th-11th c.)
perfecti credentes
consolamentum

14. Persecution of:
homosexuals (by 12th c.)
lepers
Jews (renewal of attacks, from 11th c.;
blood libel from mid-12th c.)

15. Albert of Aix/Aachen
Based in Aix-la-Chapelle/Aachen
Contemporary of First Crusade
Wrote Historia Iherosolimitana

16. Ekkehard of Aura (d. after 1125)
Benedictine monk, chronicler of First
Crusade and events of time and after
On crusade
Afterwards abbot of monastery of Aura in
Bavaria
Chronicon Universale written gradually
btw 1103 and 1125