1. The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life
Big Idea 1

2. Life continues to evolve within a changing environment.
Concept 1C

3. Speciation and extinction have occurred throughout the Earth’s history
Lesson 1

4. What is a species?
Ernst Mayr's Biological Species Concept (BSC): “Groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations, which are reproductively isolated from other such groups".
What parts of this definition could potentially pose a problem?

5. What is a species? asexual organisms?
“potentially interbreeding” - how can you tell?
hybrids?
ring species?
The European Herring Gull (L. argentatus argenteus), which lives primarily in Great Britain and Ireland, can hybridize with the American Herring Gull (L. smithsonianus), (living inNorth America), which can also hybridize with the Vega or East Siberian Herring Gull (L. vegae), the western subspecies of which, Birula's Gull (L. vegae birulai), can hybridize withHeuglin's gull (L. heuglini), which in turn can hybridize with the Siberian Lesser Black-backed Gull (L. fuscus)

6. Adaptive radiation
A period of rapid diversification, with the newly formed lineages evolving different adaptations
Can be caused by:
The evolution of a key adaptation
Ex. beetles feeding on flowering plants
Specialization
Ex. 600 species of cichlids in East African lakes
Lack of competition
Ex. Mainland species on an island

7. Speciation rates can vary
Especially rapid during times of ecological stress
Ex. Five major Extinction events:
Cretaceous-Tertiary event (66 mya) - killed 75% of all species
Killed dinosaurs
Gave rise to mammals and birds
Triassic–Jurassic event (200 mya) - 75%
Killed off most archosaurs, therapsids, large amphibians
Gave rise to dinosaurs
Permian–Triassic event (251 mya) - 95%
Killed off most synapsid
gave rise to archosaurs
Late Devonian extinction (375 mya) - 50%
Ordovician–Silurian extinction (450 mya) - 70%
You dont need to memorize these events
archosaurs: common ancestors of birds and crocodilians
therapsids: tetrapod mammal ancestors
Synapsid: mammal-like reptiles

8. Be able to
1.20 Analyze data related to questions of speciation and extinction throughout the Earth’s history.
1.21 Design a plan to collect data to investigate the scientific claim that speciation and extinction have occurred throughout the Earth’s history.

9. Speciation may occur when two populations become reproductively isolated from each other.
Lesson 2

10. Reproductive isolation
Allopatric
geographic separation
ex. canyon
Island Fox subspecies of the California Channel Islands

11. Reproductive isolation (cont.)
Sympatric
pre-zygotic - before mating
Temporal
one species mates in the spring, the other in the summer
Behavioral
mating rituals
Mechanical
incompatible genetalia
Gametic
ex. sea urchin spermatocytes

12. Reproductive isolation (cont.)
Sympatric (cont.)
post-zygotic - after mating
hybrid non-viability
Hybrid Sterility
Mules
Hybrid breakdown
Successive hybrids are continually less viable
Which population does a hybrid live with? How does that affect gene flow?

13. New species arise from reproductive isolation over time
Occurs over hundreds of thousands or millions of years
Can occur rapidly
ex. polyploidy in plants
explosion in angiosperm diversity coincides with genome duplications

14. Be able to
1.22 Use data from a real or simulated population - based on types of selection - to predict how that population will be affected
1.23 Justify the selection of data that address questions related to reproductive isolation and speciation.
1.24 Describe speciation in an isolated population and connect it to change in gene frequency, change in environment, natural selection and/or genetic drift.

15. Populations of organisms continue to evolve
Lesson 3

16. Evolution has occurred, and is occurring in all species
Evidence for evolution in the past
Evolution continues to occur
Examples:
Chemical resistance (antibiotics, pesticides, etc)
Emergent diseases
Observed phenotypic changes
Explain how each of the above represent evolution happening now

17. Evolution continues to occur (cont.)
Lenski’s E. coli long-term evolution experiment

18. Be able to
1.25 Describe a model that represents evolution within a population.
1.26 Evaluate given data sets that illustrate evolution as an ongoing process.