1. The Structure and Function of Macromolecules

2. Functional Groups

3. Introductory Terms Macromolecule = “giant” molecule of living matter
Monomer = _____________________________________
Example: Lego block
Polymer = monomers linked together
Example: Lego castle

4. Macromolecular Reactions 
Dehydration Synthesis:
2 molecules become covalently bonded to each other through the loss of water
Hydrolysis:
__________________________________________

5. Carbohydrates Structure: Functions: C:H:O in a 1:2:1 Ratio
Example: ___________
Functions:
Short-term energy storage
Pasta dinner before the big race, game, etc.
Structural Support

6. Carbohydrates Contain C, H, and O 1:2:1 ratio Monomer=glucose
____________________

7. Carbohydrates Monosaccharides: “one sugar” C:H:O Ratio = 1:2:1
Carbon backbone with at least two OH- and aldehyde or ketone
Glucose (C6H12O6) is a monosaccharide

8. Carbohydrates Disaccharides: _______________
2 monosaccharides joined together by a glycosidic linkage (covalent bond)
Sucrose = glucose + fructose

9. Carbohydrates Polysaccharides
Polymers in which a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides are linked together
________________________________________

10. Carbohydrates Structural Polysaccharides Cellulose Chitin
Major component of plant cell walls
_____________________________________________
Fiber!
Chitin
Used by arthropods to build exoskeletons
_____________

11. Lipids Structure: Functions: Made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Do not dissolve in water
Functions:
Long-term energy storage
Chemical messengers (hormones)
Insulation
Waxes

12. Lipids Contain C, H, and O ratio greater than 2:1
In chains and contain COOH at end
Monomer= triglycerides

13. Lipids Fats ____________________________
Fatty acid has a long carbon skeleton and a carboxyl group
C-H bonds responsible for hydrophobia of fats

14. Lipids Fats Saturated Fat = _____________
Saturated with hydrogen
Unsaturated Fat = double bonds
Not saturated with hydrogen

15. Lipids Phospholipids ____________________________
Instead of 3rd fatty acid, they have a phosphate group
Major component of cell membrane

16. Lipids Sterols Made up of 4 interconnected rings No fatty acids
Examples:
Cholesterol
Testosterone
Estrogen

17. Proteins *** Most of a cell is made up of proteins
Instrumental in almost everything organisms do
Structure:
All proteins are created from unique combinations of 20 different amino acids
C,H,O,N
Major Functions:
______________
Defense (antibodies)

18. Proteins Contain C, H, O, N, and sometimes S
___________________________
Structure contains NH2 and COOH
Function: antibodies, enzymes, non-steroid hormones, structure, and membranes

19. Proteins
Amino Acids
____________________________________________________________
Organic molecules possessing both carboxyl and amino groups
20 types of AAs that make up 1000s of different proteins
AAs are linked together by peptide bonds

20. Amino Acids

21. Proteins
A protein is one or more polypeptides precisely twisted, folded and coiled into a molecule of unique shape (3-D)
4 Levels of Protein Structure
Primary Structure
Polypeptide chains
Linked amino acids

22. Proteins local folding of residues into regular patterns
Secondary Structure:
local folding of residues into regular patterns
Hydrogen bonds
Coil Pattern

23. Proteins ___________________________________
Tertiary Structure:
___________________________________
Folding due location of certain amino acids

24. Proteins Higher-order assembly of proteins
Quaternary Structure:
Higher-order assembly of proteins
combination of two or more chains
Quaternary are either fibrous or globular
Globular-round shape
Fibrous-longs strands

25. Proteins Denaturation:
When pH, salt concentration, temperature, and/or other environmental factors are altered, the protein may unravel and lose its shape
________________
Structure + function

26. Nucleic Acids Structure Function DNA and RNA
Made up of long chains of nucleotides
sugar, phosphate group, and base
Function
________________________________________________________
DNA and RNA

27. Nucleic Acid Contains C, H, O, Nitrogen base, P, and a sugar
Monomer=nucleotides
Look for phosphate group to identify along with sugar ring
Two types: DNA and RNA

28. Nucleotide Bases
__________
Guanine
________
Cytosine