1. Condensation vs. Hydrolysis
AP Biology

2. Condensation and Hydrolysis
Two molecules
combine
Hydrolysis
A molecule
splits into two
smaller ones

3. Carbohydrates Monosaccharides 6 Carbon sugars Glucose Fructose
Galactose
5 Carbon sugars
Deoxyribose
Ribose

4. Carbohydrates Oligosaccharides Disaccharides Sucrose Lactose Maltose
Formed by condensation reactions

5. Fatty Acids Carbon backbone Carboxyl group (- COOH) Unsaturated
One or more double bonds in backbone
Saturated
All single bonds in backbone

6. Triglycerides Neutral fats Three fatty acids and a glycerol
Condensation reaction
Body’s most abundant lipid
Functions:
Energy reservoir
Insulation

7. Structure of Amino Acids
Central carbon atom
An amino group
A carboxyl group
A hydrogen atom
One or more atoms “R Group”

8. Structural Formulas for Some Amino Acids

9. Peptide Bond Formation
A type of condensation reaction

10. Levels of Protein Structure
Primary structure: The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
Secondary structure: The polypeptide chains folds on itself to form a helix or a pleated sheet.
Tertiary structure: The helix and or pleated sheet fold on itself to form a globular structure
Quaternary structure: two are more tertiary structures binding together.

11. Second Level of Protein Structure
Hydrogen bonds
Helical coiling
Sheet-like pattern

12. Third Level of Protein Structure
Additional folding of secondary structure
R Group interactions
Hydrogen bonds
Disulfide bridges

13. Fourth Level of Protein Structure
Two or more polypeptide chains joined by
Weak bonds (Hydrogen bonds)
Covalent bonds between sulfur atoms and R groups
Collagen
Keratin
Hemoglobin

14. Structural Changes by Denaturation
Disruption of three-dimensional shape of protein
Changes in temperature and pH
Loss of function
Some proteins have organic compounds attached
Glycoproteins
Lipoproteins

15. Two types of Nucleic acid
DNA
Double stranded
Hydrogen bonds between strands
Twisted helically
Four kinds of nucleotide monomers (A, T, C, G)
Encodes protein-building instructions
RNA
Single stranded
Four kinds of nucleotide monomers (A, U, C, G)
Do not encode protein-building instructions
Key players in the protein-building processes
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

16. Nucleic Acids - DNA and RNA
Building blocks
Four kinds of nucleotides
Differ only in component bases

17. Single Strand of Nucleic Acid
A series of
covalently
bonded
nucleotides
Nucleotides form together by condensation reactions

18. DNA

19. In Conclusion
Organic compounds have elements covalently bonded to carbon atoms
Living cells assemble organic compounds: lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids
The building blocks are amino acids, nucleotides, simple monosaccharide sugars, and fatty acids
Complex carbohydrates are energy storage forms and structural materials

20. In Conclusion
Lipids are used as energy storage and structural components
Proteins are made of amino acids. They form structural part of the body as well and enzymes.
Nucleic acids are the basis of inheritance and reproduction
developed by M. Roig