1. The
Plant
Kingdom

2. organelle where photosynthesis takes place
The Plant Kingdom
General Characteristics:
1) Multi-cellular, eukaryotic organisms
2) Plants make their own food by photosynthesis
3) Most plants have chloroplasts
organelle where photosynthesis takes place
chloroplasts-
they’re green because they have chlorophyll
Chlorophyll-
the chemical that gives plants their green color
traps light energy for photosynthesis

3. Chloroplast
roanoke/oakcell.html

4. Chloroplast

5. General Characteristics Cont’d
4) Plant cells have cell walls (animal cells do not)
cells walls
stiff cell walls give structure to each cell
also supports the plant
made of cellulose
have holes through which cells share cytoplasm & pass nutrients sugars, water, and hormones

6. General Characteristics contd.
5) Plant life cycles are divided into two stages, or generations.
sporophyte
gametophyte

7. Alternation of Generations
Gametophyte
2n Sporophyte
2n gametophyte
1n pollen
2n seed with plant embryo
Ovary with 1n ovules (eggs)
Sporophyte

9. Photosynthesis: Prefix photo means: Light Root word synthesis means:
to make
Photosynthesis -
Process in which plants use water, carbon dioxide, and energy from the sun to make food
only occurs in the chloroplasts
releases oxygen

10. 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy => C6H12O6 + 6O2
What process is illustrated here?
Photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy => C6H12O6 + 6O2

11. Products of Photosynthesis

12. The Origin of Plants
Similarities between green algae and plants suggest that ancient green algae that lived in the oceans were the ancestors of all plants.
Color, chlorophyll, cell walls, store energy in form of starch, 2-part life cycle

13. Mosses & related plants
How are plants organized?
PLANTS
Seedless Plants
Seed Plants
Angiosperms
Gymnosperms
Ferns & related plants
Mosses & related plants
Vascular
Nonvascular

14. 2 Main Types of Plants 1) vascular 2) nonvascular
Mosses & liverworts
plants that lack tube-like cells and do not have “true” roots, stems, & leaves
Nonvascular-
****Also called bryophytes

15. Nonvascular Plants Require a constantly moist environment
Includes mosses (Bryophyta), liverworts (Hepatophyta), and hornworts (Antherophyta)
Liverworts
Hornworts

16. 2 Main Types of Nonvascular Plants
A small simple nonvascular plant that has both stems and leaves…but NO ROOTS
1) moss-
Mosses are considered nonvascular and are grouped with liverworts because:
a) their vascular (inner) tissue is very simple
b) they both have similar life cycles

17. Nonvascular Plants: Moss
Characteristics of Moss:
fine soft stems
grow upright in “mats”
leaves are only one or two cells thick
leaves grow from all sides of the stem
moss species can be classified by their leaves based on:
a) Placement of leaves on the stem
b) Shape of leaves

18. Nonvascular Plants: Mosses
4 uses of mosses
1) Food for animals
EX: worms & snails eat moss
2) They help hold soil in place to keep it from washing away
3) Some mosses live on rocks and break them down
moss that is added to soil to increase the amount of water it holds
4) Peat moss-

22. 2 Main Types of Nonvascular Plants
A small simple nonvascular plant that does NOT have roots, stems, or leaves
2) liverwort-
H2O and other materials are distributed throughout their bodies by:
a) osmosis
b) diffusion

23. Nonvascular Plants: liverworts
General Characteristics facts about liverworts
1) simplest nonvascular plant
2) flat body
3) slippery layer of green cells on the ground
4) leaves grow in 2-3 flattened rows along the stem

24. What two types of nonvascular plants are shown on this rock?
1) Moss
2) Liverwort

25. 2 Main Types of Plants 1) Vascular Plants
Nonvascular
1) Vascular Plants
broken into 2 more subgroups called:
a) seedless plants
b) seed plants
2) Nonvascular Plants
not broken into subgroups

26. Vascular Plants
plants that have tube-like cells in their roots, stems, & leaves that carry H2O and nutrients
Vascular Plants-
Vascular comes from the Latin word “vasculum” which means “vessel”
they lose their leaves like a pet sheds
roots, stems, and leaves of a plant are all called organs

27. Vascular Plants: 3 organs and their jobs
Vascular Plant Organs: (roots, stems, & leaves)
ROOTS-
anchors the plant into the ground
takes in H2O & nutrients directly from the soil
STEMS-
carry water to all parts of the plant
holds the leaves up to the sunlight
LEAVES-
place where all of the chloroplasts are located

28. Vascular Plants: 2 Types of Tubes
vascular plants have 2 different types of tube-like structures inside them
a) xylem
b) phloem
each one has a specific function (job)
think of tiny pipes...like a plumbing system
Xylem -
tube-like cells that carry water & dissolved minerals from the roots to the leaves
tube-like cells that carry food, which is made in the leaves, to all parts of the plant
Phloem-

29. L k Xylem & Phloem: Phloem Take another xylem
gallery_stem_diagram.html

30. Xylem & Phloem
plant.html

31. Vascular Plants: Two Main Groups
Nonvascular
Seed Plants
Seedless Plants
1) seedless plants
Vascular plant that DO NOT have seeds
Ex: ferns
2) seed plants
Vascular plant that have seeds for reproduction
Ex: conifers & flowering plants

32. Vascular Plants: Seedless (ferns)
Ferns- seedless plants
usually grow in moist shady areas
typical fern
they have adapted to grow in other environments:
-aquatic (water)
-dry climates
-tropical regions
FernID/Floating.html
water horn fern
tropical fern
stem stores the food & water

33. Vascular Plants: Seedless (ferns)
The Fern Leaf
divided into tiny leaflets that look “feathery”
loses leaves at the end of each growing season
ferns are classified by their leaves
The Fern Reproduction
botany/ferns.html
reproduce by spores formed on the underside of the leaf
the cases that hold the spores look like brown and orange spots

34. Seed-Producing Vascular Plants
Includes two groups – Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
Gymnosperms have naked seeds in cones
Angiosperms have flowers that produce seeds to attract pollinators and produce seeds

35. Gymnosperms Coniferophyta are known as conifers
Includes pine, cedar, spruce, and fir
Cycadophyta – cycads
Ginkgophyta - ginkgo
Cycad
Ginkgo

36. Gymnosperms Contains the oldest living plant – Bristle cone pine
Contains the tallest living plant – Sequoia or redwood

37. a type of conifer that keeps its leaves all year long
Evergreens-
example: pine, spruce, & fir trees
they lose their leaves like a pet sheds
(not all at the same time)
some lose their leaves in the fall only such as:
larch, dawn redwood, & bald cypress

39. 5 important facts about conifers
1) ¾ of the worlds lumber is from conifers
2) provide almost all of the worlds paper
3) source of turpentine's, disinfectants, and fuel
4) Provides food for many animals
5) Provides shelter for many animals

40. Angiosperms Flowering plants
Seeds are formed when an egg or ovule is fertilized by pollen in the ovary
Ovary is within a flower
Flower contains the male (stamen) and/or female (pistil) parts of the plant
Fruits are frequently produced from the ripened ovaries (help disperse seeds)

43. Angiosperms Division Anthophyta
Subdivided into two groups – Monocots and Dicots
Monocots have a single seed cotyledon
Dicots have two seed cotyledons

46. Monocots Parallel venation in leaves Flower parts in multiples of 3
Vascular tissue scattered in cross section of stem

47. Dicots Net venation in leaves Flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5
Vascular tissue in rings in cross section of stem