1. The English tense system
Lecture 1
Assistant lecturer : Ahmed Najm Abed

2. Simple Present Tense How do we make the simple present tense ?
subject + auxiliary verb +main verb
e.g. I do .
e.g. I sing .

3. Simple Present Tense is used:
When you are referring to habitual actions--actions that you always or never do
When you are referring to unchanging truths
When you are making general statements of fact

4. Examples (habit) He always comes late to class.
(unchanging truth) The sun rises in the east.
(general statement of fact) They are friendly.
simple present tense

5. Indicators
simple present tense

6. Form
simple present tense

7. How do we make the Simple Past Tense?
To make the simple past tense, we use:
Past form only or
Auxiliary did + base form .

8. The Simple Past Tense is Used:
When an activity or situation began and ended at a particular time in the past--in other words, when an activity or situation is completed in the past
To refer to past habits

9. Examples
(Completed action in the past) He was late to class yesterday.
(Completed action in the past) We arrived three weeks ago.
(Past habit) She always wrote a letter to her mother on Sunday night.
Simple Past Tense

10. Indicators
Simple Past Tense

11. Form
Simple Past Tense

12. The Present Perfect
The past perfect tense is quite an easy tense to understand and to use.
How do we make the Past Perfect Tense?
subject + HAVE /HAS + V- in past participle .
e.g. I have finished my work .
We have bought our house in

13. The Present Perfect is Used:
When an activity happened at an unspecified time in the past (before the present)
When an activity has been repeated several times before now
When an activity was very recently completed before now
When an activity is not completed in the past

14. Examples
(unspecified time before now) They have already seen that movie.
(repeated activity before now) We have visited New York City many times.
(an action has recently been completed before now) I have just eaten.
(action not completed in the past) I have studied Spanish for many years.
Present Perfect Tense

15. Indicators
Present Perfect Tense

16. Form 1 have or has + past participle
Present Perfect Tense

17. Form 2
Present Perfect Tense

18. The Present Progressive Tense
How do we make the Present Continuous Tense?
subject + auxiliary verb +main verb ……
e.g. I am speaking to you .
e.g. I am taking my exam next month .
We use the present continuous tense to talk about:
1- action happening now…..
2- action in the future ……..

19. The Present Progressive Tense is Used:
When an activity is in progress now at the moment of speaking
When an activity began before now and continues into the future without stopping.
When an activity is temporary.
When an activity is developing and changing.

20. Present Progressive Tense
Examples
I’m explaining something to the class right now.
He’s taking 16 credits this semester.
She is understanding English more and more because she moved into the dorm.
Present Progressive Tense

21. Present Progressive Tense
Indicators
Present Progressive Tense

22. Present Progressive Tense
Form
Present Progressive Tense

23. Future Tense

24. The Future Tense is Used:
To indicate that an activity or event will take place at a time in the future .
predictions about the future (you think that sth. will happen) .

25. Examples When I’m retired, I’m going to travel.
Next week, we will work on punctuation.
He is going to get his car fixed tomorrow.
Our plane departs at noon next Friday.
Future

26. Indicators
Future

27. Form 1
Future

28. Form 2
Future

29. Form 3
Future Tense

30. Other English Verb Tenses
These tenses are combinations of the tenses we have just reviewed

31. Past Perfect
This tense is not used a lot. It can often be used interchangeably with the simple past because these tenses do not differ much in meaning. The past perfect tense refers to activities that happened before a specific time in the past.it expresses an action in the past before another action in the past .
When we arrived, the train had left .
Example, He had visited her many times before she died.
Form: had + past participle

32. Past Progressive
This tense is used to refer to activities continuously in progress around a time in the past.
Example: They were eating when the taxi arrived.
Form: was or were + verbing

33. Past Perfect Progressive
This tense is used when an activity was continuously in progress before a specific time in the past.
Example: I had been thinking about her before she called.
Form: had + been + verbing

34. Present Perfect Progressive
This tense is used to describe actions that have been continuously in progress before now. These actions are not completed.
Example: I have been waiting here for the last two hours.
Form: have or has + been + verbing

35. Future Perfect
The future perfect expresses the idea that an activity will occur before some future time.
Example: She will have finished dinner before the game starts.
Form: will + have + past participle

36. Future Progressive Tense
This tense is used to refer to activities that will be continuously in progress around some future time.
Example: We will be flying over New York at noon tomorrow.
Form: will + be + verbing

37. Future Perfect Progressive
This tense is used to refer to activities that will be continuously in progress before a future time.
Example: He will have been working for 3 hours before you arrive.
Form: will + have + been + verbing

38. Overview of the English Verb Tense/Aspect System
Simple
Perfect
(HAVE +
verb+en)
Progress-ive
(BE + verb+ing)
Progress-
ive (HAVE + BEEN + verb+ing)
Present *
Past
Future

39. Thank you

40. Lecture 2
Types of sentences In English Grammar Assistant Lecturer : Ahmed Najm Abed University of Kufa , Faculty of Education / Department of English .

41. Sentence
In English grammar, a sentence is a group of words which make a complete sense . The sentences by form are of four types.
Simple
Compound
Complex
Compound –complex

42. Simple Sentence A simple sentence contains a subject and verb.
It expresses a single complete thought.
A simple sentence is a single independent clause.

43. Sample Simple Sentences
peter went to the store.
The music is too loud for my ears.
Sarah and peter are going swimming.
The pizza smells delicious.

44. Compound Sentences
A compound sentence contains two independent clauses.
Conjunctions (for, and, nor, but, or, and yet, so) join these independent clauses.
The conjunction can impact the meaning of the sentence.

46. Sample Compound Sentences
My husband was working, so I went shopping .
I like chocolate ice cream but don't have it very often .
They wanted to go to Italy, for they wanted to see Venice .
I am on a diet yet still want a cookie .
She is a good administrator, and everybody knows that.

47. Complex Sentences
A complex sentence is an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses.
A subordinating conjunction begins the dependent clauses.
A dependent clause that begins a sentence must be followed by comma.
A dependent clause has a subject and a verb, but it does not make sense on its own.

48. Subordinating Conjunctions
After how Until
Although if Unless
As in as much   as if
in order that When as long as
At least Whenever as much as
now that whereas soon
wherever as though Since
While because so that
Before even if That
even though   though

49. Sample Complex Sentences
Everybody knows that she is a good administrator .
I am glad that you are joining our company.
Stay in the bath until the phone rings.
Leave while you can .
The human brain never stops working until you stand up to speak in public.

50. Compound-Complex Sentences
A compound-complex sentence is a sentence that has at least two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.
The dependent clause is introduced by either a subordinate conjunction (until, when, while, because ) or a relative pronoun
(that, which , who ) .

51. Sample- Compound-Complex Sentence .
Although I like to go camping, I haven't had the time to go lately, and I haven't found anyone to go with .
independent clause: "I haven't had the time to go lately“
independent clause: "I haven't found anyone to go with“
dependent clause: "Although I like to go camping... "

52. Test Yourself – Simple, Compound, Complex, or Compound-Complex?
1. The teacher walked into the classroom, greeted the students, and took attendance.
2. Peter played football while Jane went shopping.
3. jack played football, yet Jim went shopping.
4. Although Mexico has a better team, they lost the tournament, and their more aggressive style did not pay off.
5. Because I am an English teacher, some people expect me to speak perfectly, and other people expect me to write perfectly.
6. We decided that the movie was too violent, but our children, who like to watch scary movies, thought that we were wrong.

53. Sentence by function The sentences are of four types. Assertive :
Interrogative:
Imperative:
Exclamatory sentence:

54. Assertive sentences : Those which make statements or assertion; as
A declarative sentence tells something. It ends with a period .
e.g. My friend loves to write and explores English language .

55. Sample – Assertive sentences
Jan is a student. She lives in a big city.
She is a good student .
jack  was a great leader.
India is a Very Vast country.
The principal did not punish him.  

56. A sentence that expresses a command or an entreaty e.g., Be quiet.
Imperative sentence
A sentence that expresses a command or an entreaty e.g., Be quiet.
An imperative sentence gives an order. It ends with a period OR an exclamation point.

57. Sample – imperative sentences
Do Not Enter !
Please be quiet in the library.
Let’s eat .
Come with me .
Be nice !
Help me!

58. Interrogative sentence :
Those which ask questions; as
Where do you live?
An interrogative sentence asks a question. It ends with a question mark.

59. Interrogative sentence
There are 4 types of Interrogative.
Yes /No interrogatives
Alternative interrogatives.
Wh-interrogatives
Tag questions.

60. Here are some examples- interrogative sentences:
Did you go to the game Friday night?
Should I call or you?
What are you doing?
You live in the city, don’t you?

61. Exclamatory sentence:
A sentence that expresses a strong feeling is called exclamatory sentence.
e.g., How cold the night is!
What a shame!
An exclamatory sentence ends with an exclamation point. ( ! )

62. Sample -Exclamatory sentences
No, you did not have permission to stay out this late !
I can’t figure this out !
Our team won the championship !
I don’t know what happened here !
I simply adore you !
How a brave man !