1. Organelles & Their Functions

2. Organelles are tiny organs inside the cell that do specific jobs
The advantage to have organelles is that the cell can do multiple chemical reactions at the same time

3. Cell Wall 1) Supports & Protects 1) Maintains cell shape
2) Plasmodesmata- channels
3) Found in Prokaryotes & Plants
4) In plants, contains cellulose (rigid shape)
Rigid barrier surrounding outside of plasma membrane

4. Cell Membrane Sometimes called plasma membrane
1) Regulates what enters & exits the cell
Only small particles can pass through
2) Defines cell boundary
2) Gives the cell shape(shape determines function)

5. 3) Prokaryote, Plant, Animal 4) Constructed of phospholipid bilayer w/ embedded proteins

6. Plasma Membrane
Phospholipid Bilayer - made of phosphate groups and fatty acid tails
Phosphate groups are Polar (like H2O) - hydrophilic
Fatty Acid tails are Nonpolar (hate H2O) - hydrophobic
Cholesterol – keeps the fatty acid tails from sticking together

7. Plasma Membrane Boundary between the inside and outside of the cell
Allows things to move in and out of the cell
Selectively Permeable which means it selects what can come in and out
JOB = MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS

8. Plasma Membrane

9. Glycoproteins
Proteins on outside of plasma membrane are receptors or activation sites for enzymes and hormones
Sugar proteins on plasma membrane
Make cells “sticky”
Determine blood type
Receptors
Viruses, bacteria, toxins, enzymes, hormones
Cell to cell communication
Alterations in these cause cancer

10. Cytoplasm
1) Suspends all other organelles within it 2) Colloid- both a solid & a liquid 3) Prokaryote, Plant,Animal 4) Jelly-like consistency
Inside cell’s plasma membrane

11. Nucleus 1) Control Center of the Cell
1) Storage of genetic/hereditary material (DNA/RNA)
2) Synthesis of DNA & RNA
3) Plant, Animal

12. 4) Big, round sphere
4) Nuclear envelope with pores surrounds nucleolus & chromatin

13. Nucleolus
1) Makes ribosomes (which make proteins) 3) Plant, Animal 4) Sphere inside the nucleus

14. Nuclear Membrane Sometimes called nuclear envelope Surrounds nucleus
1) Controls what enters & exits the nucleus
3) Plant, Animal
4) Double membrane
4) Studded w/ pores

15. Nuclear Pores
1) Openings in the nuclear envelope which regulate what enters/exits the nucleus 3) Plant, Animal 4) RNA travels through pores to carry genetic info to ribosomes (where proteins are made)

16. Chromatin
1) Hereditary material of a non-dividing cell (DNA) 2) Thin, thread-like structures 3) Prokaryote, Plant, Animal 4) Plants & Animals have histones, Prokaryotes do not

17. Chromosomes
1) Hereditary material of a dividing cell (mitosis or meiosis) (DNA)
2) Thick, rod-shaped structures
You have 46 chromosomes
3) Prokaryote, Plant, Animal
4) Prokaryotes only have one chromosome, no histones

18. Ribosomes
1) Sites of protein synthesis

19. 2) Free ribosomes- make proteins for the cell 2) Bound ribosomes- make proteins to be exported 3) Prokaryotes only have free ribosomes 3) Plant, Animal 4) Prokaryotes- have small ribosomes 4) Eukaryotes- have large ribosomes

20. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Complex, extensive network that transports materials throughout cell

21. Rough ER 1) Has bound ribosomes 1) Protein synthesis
1) Chemical activity & transport
2) Bound ribosomes make proteins for export from cell
Transport by vesicles
3) Plant, Animal
4) Found near nucleus
4) May also be found throughout the cell
Site for protein & lipid synthesis

23. Smooth ER
1) Site for chemical activity 1) Detoxifies poisons 1) Makes phospholipids & cholesterol 2) No ribosomes 3) Plant, Animal 4) Usually found near cell membrane 4) More alcohol/drugs, more smooth ER

25. Golgi apparatus 1)Manufacture(synthesis) 1)Warehousing (storage)
1)Finishing (packaging)
1)And shipping of proteins & lipids
2) Ships products in vesicles
Modifies, sorts, & packages proteins into vesicles & transports them to other organelles or out of the cell

26. 3) Plant, Animal
4) Stack of pancake looking membranes
4) Cis face- receives
4) Trans face- ships

27. Vacuoles/Vesicles 1) Storage of fluids (food & water)
1) Protection (poisonous fluids)
1) Growth in plants
2) Pumping excess water out of the cell
2) Food transport for digestion by lysosomes
3) Plant, Animal
4) Large, central vacuole in plants (largest organelle in plant cell)
Membrane sac for temporary storage of food, enzymes, & wastes

28. Contractile vacuoles expel excess water.

30. Lysosomes 1) Digestion 1) Found in cytoplasm
2) Hydrolyzes macromolecules
3) Animals ONLY
(“suicide sacs”)
4) Membrane sac of hydrolytic enzymes pH 5
Vesicle that uses enzymes to digest excess or worn-out cellular substances

31. Lysosome Formation
Golgi Complex

32. Peroxisomes
1) Detoxifies oxygen 1) Contains enzymes that transfer H to O to make H2O 3) Plant, Animal 4) Found in cytoplasm

33. Mitochondria
1) Sites of cellular respiration 1) Makes ATP 2) Cristae (folds)- make ATP 2) Matrix (fluid)- storage 3) Plant, Animal 4) “Powerhouse” of the cell 4) The more energy needed, the more mitochondria
Converts fuel into energy for the rest of the cell

35. Chloroplast (Plastid)
3) Found ONLY in plant cells
1) Photosyntheis- converts sunlight into chemical energy
2) Thylakoids (pancakes) stack to form granum
(grana=plural)
2) Stroma- fluid containing enzymes
4) Chlorophyll traps light
4) Double Membrane

37. Chromoplast (Plastid)
1) Holds accessory pigments/ color pigments 3) Plants ONLY 4) Where you see yellow, orange, red in fall leaves

38. Leucoplast (Plastid)
1) Stores starches in plant cells 3) Plants ONLY 4) Starches store energy for plants 4) Lollypop shape

39. Centrioles 1) Used to move chromosomes during cell division
2) Cells contain 2 of these
2) Found near nucleus
3) Animal ONLY
4) “Twizzler” shape

40. Cilia & Flagellum
1) Aid in movement/ “locomotion” and food gathering 2) Fluid movement 3) Prokaryote, Animal

41. Sperm only human cell with flagella
Movement
Cilia
Little hairs
Found in respiratory, digestive and reproductive systems
Flagella
Tails
Sperm only human cell with flagella

42. Cilia with a:
TEM
SEM

46. Cytoskeleton
1) Gives shape to cell 1) Movement of cell parts 1) Aids in reproduction 2) Protection 3) Plant, Animal 4) Microtubules- thin, hollow cylinders 4) Intermediate filaments 4) Actin filaments- thread-like fibers
Network of protein fibers that support the cell

47. Plant Cell
Animal Cell

48. Types of Cells Fibroblast Erythrocyte Connect body parts
Lots of Rough ER
Lots of Golgi
Erythrocyte
Red blood cells
Carries Oxygen
Concave disk
No cell organelles or nucleus
Fibroblasts

49. Red blood cells in a vein

50. Types of Cells Epithelial Cells Skeletal Muscle Cells
Hexagonal shape
Pack together in sheets
Exposed surfaces
Skeletal Muscle Cells
Elongated
Shorten to contract
Smooth Muscle Cells
Human Cheek epithelial

52. Skeletal Muscle

53. Smooth Muscle

54. Types of Cells Fat Cells Macrophage Store nutrients
Huge Spherical shape
Large lipid droplet in cytoplasm
White adipose (adult fat)
Brown adipose (baby fat)
Macrophage
Phagocytic cells
Fight disease
Pseudopods to crawl to infection sites
Lots of lysosomes

55. Fat Cells

56. Cross-section of the Pancreas from a person with Diabetes Mellitus showing fibrosis with fat and amyloid replacement in islet cells

59. Macrophage - SEM

60. Types of Cells Nerve Cells Reproductive Cells Neurons Gather info
Control body functions
Reproductive Cells
Oocyte (egg)
Largest cells in human body
Carries all organelles to pass to offspring
Sperm
Long and streamlined
Only contain DNA