1. Bacteria to Plants
Chapter 2 Plants

2. Introduction to Plants
How does the structure of a plant allow it to grow and reproduce?
What characteristics do all plants share?
Name all the things that a plant needs to live successfully on land
Compare nonvascular plants and vascular plants

3. Characteristics
Autotrophs
Eukaryotes
Multicellular
Cell Walls

4. Characteristics Continued
Plants are Autotrophs:
Convert sunlight into energy through process of photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide and water converted to food and oxygen
Plants are Multicellular:
Plants made of tissues (groups of cells working together)
Plant Cells: Cells contain
cell walls—provides support
chloroplasts—contain chlorophyll
vacuoles—storage containers

5. Survival Obtain water and nutrients Retain water
Transport materials within structure
Support structure
Reproduce

6. Most plants absorb nutrients from soil
Retaining Water: waxy layer called cuticle helps to keep water inside of a plant
Transporting Material:
Water, nutrients, and food need to move to the cells
Can move cell to cell
If large amount or large distance need a transportation system (vascular tissue)

7. Fertilization: sperm cell (pollen) unites with an egg cell
Zygote: fertilized egg

8. Vascular vs Nonvascular
Vascular: contain method of transporting materials (xylem and phloem)
Nonvascular: do not contain xylem and phloem

9. Classification of Plants
Non-vascular
Lack vascular tissue (tubes that carry water and nutrients)
Low-growing
No roots
Live in moist, shady environments
Vascular Plants
Have vascular tissue (tubes that carry water and nutrients)
Can grow tall
Subdivided into three groups
Seedless Vascular Plants
Reproduce with spores
Gymnosperms
Seeds without flowers or fruits (with cones)
Angiosperms
Seeds with flowers and fruits

10. Photosynthesis and Light
What happens when light strikes a green leaf?
What is photosynthesis?

11. The Nature of Light Sun: source of Energy for the Earth
Light see from Sun is white light
White Light: made up of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet light

12. When Light Strikes Objects Plants and Light
Plants absorb some colors of light and reflect others
Most of green spectrum reflected and rest of light absorbed
Plant Pigments

13. When Light Strikes Objects Plants and Light Plant Pigments
Light is absorbed by the plant (blue and red)
Green light is reflected: chlorophyll and leaves green
Accessory pigments: other pigments in leaves that absorb different colors of light; hidden by chlorophyll

16. The Photosynthesis Process
Two-Parts
First: Plants capture energy from the sun
Second: Plant uses energy to produce food
Capturing Energy
Light energy is absorbed by the chloroplasts
The Chemistry of Photosynthesis
Plants need carbon dioxide and water as raw materials
Series of chemical reactions transform C02 and H20 to form sugar and oxygen
The Photosynthesis Equation

17. The Photosynthesis Process
Two-Parts
Capturing Energy
The Photosynthesis Equation
CO2 + H2o C6H12O6 + O2
Takes place where chloroplasts are located in the plant
Energy (sugar) is used for life processes of the plant
Extra sugar is stored by the plant
Oxygen released into the environment

18. Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts
What characteristics do the three groups of nonvascular plants share?

19. Mosses
Liverworts and Hornworts

20. Ferns, Club Mosses, and Horsetails
What are the three characteristics of seedless vascular plants?

21. Seedless Vascular Plants
Ferns
Club Mosses and Horsetails

22. Vascular Plants Seedless Gymnosperms Angiosperms
Reproduce with spores Example: ferns
“Naked Seeds” Reproduce without protective fruits
Example: pine
“Covered Seeds” Reproduce with flowers and seeds covered by fruits
Example: Apple