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Parasites ,Fungi, Viruses
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Parasites Are eukaryotes that depend on another host for their nutrients and metabolic activities. Divided to 1-Protozoa: Unicellular. 2-Helminths: Multicellular. 3-Arthropods: Multicellular.
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Protozoa Common stages of life cycle
1- Trophozoite: active growing stage 2- Cyst: resting non active stage Can infect all major tissues and organs of the body Transmission of protozoan parasites by 1- injection via bites of blood sucking insects 2- ingestion of infective stages
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Protozoa Protozoa move by :
Psuedopod: (extending part of protoplasm towards direction of movement) Example: Entamoeba species Flagella : Example: Trypanosoma species, Giardia Lamblia
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Protozoa Cilia: Example: Balantidium coli non motile:
Example : Plasmodium species
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Entamoeba Trophozoite Cyst
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Protozoa Trypanosoma
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Protozoa Balantidium coli cyst
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Protozoa Ring stage))Plasmodium
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Helminths(worms) Multicellular organisms with organ systems as digestive, nervous , excretory system. Have complicated life cycle Mostly have different stages of life cycle which are: ova(egg), larvae (Adult) Adult worms can measure centimeters or even meters long Extracellular parasites
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Helminths Are classified according to shape into:
1- Nematodes (round worms) cylindrical thin Example: Ascaris lumbricoides 2- Cestodes ( tape worms)flat long worms Example: Tenia saginata,tenia solium 3- Trematodes( Flukes)leaf like flat worms Example: Schistosoma species
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Helminths Ascaris lumbricoides egg
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Helminths Tenia saginata adult and ova
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Helminths Schistosoma ova
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Arthropods Are insects such as bugs ,fleas, biting flies, mosquitoes etc. Harmful effects of parasites Discomfort, transmission of diseases( malaria, yellow fever, typhus), cause disease(amoebic dysentery, bilharzias), damage to crops.
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Fungi Heterotrophic eukaryotes
Saprophytes: obtain nutrients from dead organic material Nucleated achlorophyllous organisms Reproduce sexually and asexually Surrounded by true cell wall 2 groups Yeast and mold
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Fungi Grow within a wide range pH(acidic-alkaline)
Grow at room temperature (can grow at cold temp) Prefer moist or humid atmospheres Can be cultured in Sabouraud Dextrose agar media (SDA) or potato dextrose agar (PDA) that contains a source of protein (peptone) and a source of carbohydrate (dextrose)
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Fungi The commonest microscopic examination of fungi is LACTO-PHENOL- COTTON BLUE tease mount or reagent (LPCB) Benefits of fungi: important in baking , pharmaceutical(antibiotic),brewing industries. Also as saprophytes and as food. Harmful effects: cause a lot of diseases in skin, hair, nail and systemic diseases.
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Fungi Yeast Unicellular, round or oval( tear drop)shape
Multiply asexually by budding resulting in production of 2 cells Molds Multicellular branching hyphea forming a mycelium.
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Fungi Molds using LPCB x40
Alternaria species
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Fungi Molds using LPCB x40
Penicillium
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Fungi Molds using LPCB x40
Aspergillus species
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Fungi Yeast LPCB x40
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Fungi /Molds on SDA
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Tools used for fungi Iron needles
made from iron because fungi dig into agar thus it is difficult to culture them with wire loop
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Viruses Virus in Latin means poison
All viruses are obligate intracellular parasites( can multiply only in living cells) Possess a single type of nucleic acid either DNA or RNA (Ss or Ds) Nucleic material is enclosed in a protein coat called capsid. ( both capsid and nucleic acid are called nucleocapsid)
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Viruses Vary in size from 20-300nm
Cannot be seen by bright field microscope Can be examined by Electron microscope Can infect humans, animals, plants and bacteria Viruses that infect bacteria are called bacteriophages
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Viruses Isolation of viruses : a- animal inoculation
b- embrynoted egg inoculation c- cell culture Cytopathic effects are morphological changes in cell lines due to virus infection.
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