1. ABCs of Biomaterials Dr. Alagiriswamy A A, (M.Sc, PhD, PDF)
Asst. Professor (Sr. Grade),
Dept. of Physics, SRM-University,
Kattankulathur campus,
Chennai
ABCs of Biomaterials
UNIT III
Lecture 1
Mar. 22/10
December 5, 2018

2. before i proceed December 5, 2018
I refer you to read out this handbook
Available in our SRM library
Totally three copies
Out of three, only one is reference type
Author Information
By Dr. Buddy D. Ratner,; School of Dentistry and Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, U.S.A.
"The most thorough textbook available, covering most aspects of biomaterials science … provides the most up-to-date and in-depth information on biomaterial developments." MRS Bulletin, January 2006
December 5, 2018

3. My lectures are on the web.
All my lectures are in PowerPoint and will be on my web site:
www…………
(click on “Lectures”).
Please download them before class, so you don’t have to take many notes in class.
I’ll be creating/continually modifying them as the term progresses, so it’s best not to download them all the first day, and/or unless specified in advance.
December 5, 2018

4. More than a multi-disciplinary Field
Bioengineers
Material Scientists
Immunologists
Chemists
Biologists
Surgeons
others
December 5, 2018

5. A Little History on Biomaterials
Romans, Chinese, and Aztecs used gold in dentistry over 2000 years ago, Cu not good.
Ivory & wood teeth
Aseptic surgery 1860 (Lister)
Bone plates 1900, joints 1930
Turn of the century, synthetic plastics came into use
WWII, shards of PMMA unintentionally got lodged into eyes of aviators
Parachute cloth used for vascular prosthesis
1960- Polyethylene and stainless steel being used for hip implants
December 5, 2018

6. Why Biomaterials ????
December 5, 2018

7. Background
During the last two decades, significant advances have been made in the development of biocompatible and biodegradable materials for medical applications.
In the biomedical field, the goal is to develop and characterize artificial materials or, in otherwords, “spare parts” for use in the human body to MEASURE, RESTORE and IMPROVE physical functions and enhance survival and quality of life
December 5, 2018

8. CLASSIFICATION OF BIOMATERIALS
First generation: INERT
Do not trigger any reaction in the host: neither rejected nor recognition
“do not bring any good result”
Second generation: BIOACTIVE
Ensure a more stable performance in a long time or for the period you want
Third generation: BIODEGRADABLE
It can be chemically degraded or decomposed by natural effectors (weather, soil, bacteria, plants, animals)
December 5, 2018

9. December 5, 2018

10. Restoration artificial implantation surgery using silicone technology
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11. What do you mean by the term "Most" ?
BIOMATERIALS
Biomaterials science may be the MOST multidisciplinary of all the sciences which encompasses aspects of medicine, biology, chemistry, engineering and materials science.
Biomaterials are : “Non-viable materials used in a medical devices intended to interact with biological systems” [D.F. Williams, 1987]
Non-viable : - incapable of growing and developing independently
What do you mean by the term "Most" ?
December 5, 2018

12. What is the definition of a Biomaterial ?
Casual definition:
A BIOMATERIAL is a synthetic material used to replace part of a living system or to function in intimate contact with living tissue.
Formal definition by Clemson University Advisory Board for Biomaterials:
A BIOMATERIAL is a systemically and pharmacologically inert substance designed for implantation within or incorporation with living systems.
December 5, 2018

13. Success of biomaterials:
Dependent on factors engineers/scientists can control:
Choice of material
Geometric design
Synthesis or manufacturing of biomaterial
Dependent on factors engineers/scientists cannot control:
Surgical technique
Health and condition of patient
Post-surgical activities by patient
December 5, 2018

14. Is it derogating ??
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15. Some interesting physical measurables
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16. Variable Pore Size in Bone
Is it interesting ????
4µm
220µm
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17. Micro-evaluation of biomaterials
Define reliability (r) & probability of biomaterial failure (f): r = 1 – f
May have multiple modes of failure based on:
Body infection
Implant toxicity
Inflammation of immune response
Mechanical failure (strength, stiffness, and fatigue)
Optical/Electrical properties
Diffusion properties
Manufacturability
Density
Geometric design
Thus, total reliability (rt) is given by product of individual reliabilities [r1 = (1-f1)] : rt = r1r2 • • • • rn
December 5, 2018

18. Biomaterials may be considered as metals, ceramics, polymers, or composites:
December 5, 2018

19. Bio-technical terms December 5, 2018 BIOFUNCTIONALITY BIOCOMPATIBILITY
Playing a specific function in physical and mechanical terms
BIOCOMPATIBILITY
Concept that refers to a set of properties that a material must have to be used safely in a biological organism
Synthetic or natural material used in intimate contact with living tissue (it can be implanted, partially implanted or totally external).
Biocompatible materials are intended to interface with biological system to EVALUATE, TREAT, AUGMENT or REPLACE any tissue, organ or function of the body
Biocompatible material features
Absence of carcinogenicity (the ability or tendency to produce cancer)
Absence of immunogenic (absence of a recognition of an external factor
which could create rejection)
Absence of teratogenicity (ability to cause birth defects)
Absence of toxicity
December 5, 2018

20. Testing specimens Biocompatibility is primarily a surface phenomenon …
Rabbits – ear, skin, pyrogen
Guinea Pigs – skin, esp
Mice – genotoxicity
Horseshoe Crab – endotoxins
Pig – implant
Bacteria - genotoxicity
Test actual & elutants & extracts…
People – long term
December 5, 2018

21. Some more BIO-TECHNICAL terms
Bioactivity - Evolving concept:
The characteristic that allows the material to form a bond with living tissue (Hench, 1971)
The ability of a material to stimulate healing and trick the tissue system into responding as if it were a natural tissue (Hench 2002).
Advantages: Bone tissue – implant interface, enhanced healing response, extends implant life
Biodegradability:
Breakdown of implant due to chemical or cellular actions
If timed to rate of tissue healing transforms implant to scaffold for tissue regeneration
Negates issues of stress shielding, implant loosening, long term stability
what about biodurability, bioavailability, bioinert ?????????????
December 5, 2018

22. Some examples of biomaterials
Where is chitra Triunal (trivandrum)??
December 5, 2018

23. Understanding the ideas of each lecture REQUIRES the knowledge of the previous lectures.
In the past, people who have skipped a lot of classes have received very bad grades. Conversely, people who’ve come to most or all of the classes nearly always receive A’s and B’s.
Find out the secrets of how to become a rich or a fast learner ?????????
If you keep up, you won’t end up looking like this hour before the commencement of the classes.
December 5, 2018

24. Are you compatible with this class??
December 5, 2018