1. Other Properties of Solutions
Molality
-Molality is similar to molarity except that molality expresses moles of solute dissolved in a kilogram of solvent rather than in a liter of solution
-molality is the amount of solute present divided by the amount of solvent present.
-Molality is a convenient measure because it does not depend on volume and therefore does not change with temperature.
Molality = __moles__
kilograms

2. Other Properties of Solutions
Colligative Properties
-When a pure solid is dissolved in a solvent, several physical properties of that solvent change depending on the amounts of the solute to solvent present; these properties are colligative properties
-There are four common colligative properties: boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, vapor pressure reduction, and osmosis

3. Other Properties of Solutions
-The freezing point and boiling point of a solution are directly proportional to the concentration of the solution in molality
Ex: salt, such as sodium chloride or calcium chloride, is sprinkled on icy roads to lower the freezing point of water and melt the snow or ice.
-The freezing point is lowered (depressed) in proportion to the amount of solute dissolved
-Boiling points can be raised (elevated) in proportion to the amount of solute added also

4. Other Properties of Solutions
Saturation
-saturation is the point at which a solution of a substance can dissolve no more of that substance and additional amounts of it will appear as a separate phase
-This point of maximum concentration (or saturation point) depends on the temperature, pressure, and chemical nature of the substances involved