1. Southern Africa

2. History
Bantu Migration brought cultures who settled in villages
1200s-1400s: empires developed around the gold trade

3. Southern Africa: History
1500s: Portuguese arrived and other Europeans soon followed
conflicts arose between Europeans and Africans

4. Southern Africa: History
mid 1600’s: Boers, Dutch farmers, arrive in Southern Africa
1800s: Zulu controlled a large area
British defeated Zulu and by late 1800s took over their land

5. Southern Africa: History
1890’s: British battled the Dutch farmers (Boers) in the Boer War for control of the region
British won the war and formed Union of South Africa in 1902
Won independence in 1910
Remained under the control of the white minority

6. Apartheid Origins Blacks made up 75% of the population
1913: Natives Land Act: hundreds of thousands of Africans were forced off land which they either owned or had settled on
7% of land set aside as reservations for Africans
93% for whites

7. Apartheid Origins
Around the same time, segregation began to be introduced into the mines so that Africans were barred from taking jobs involving any skilled labour
1912: African National Congress founded by blacks to fight for their rights

8. Apartheid
1936: Africans and mixed race people of South Africa lost right to vote
1948: white minority government of South Africa instituted a policy of apartheid
apartheid: a policy of complete separation of the races
had already been a part of the culture: now it was official

9. Apartheid Origins Many laws were passed:
The Race Classification Act. Every citizen suspected of not being European was classified according to race.
The Mixed Marriages Act. It prohibited marriage between people of different races.
The Group Areas Act. It forced people of certain races into living in designated areas.

10. Apartheid Policies
Bantusans: areas where a majority of blacks were moved to prevent them from living in cities:
organized by ethnic group
kept blacks from joining together
blacks had rights in these “homelands” but not nationally
after black South Africans were moved to Bantusans, government sold their land to whites
between million people moved to Bantusans

12. Nelson Mandela
1949: Nelson Mandela emerges as one of the leaders of the African National Congress
Mandela encouraged policies of civil disobedience to fight apartheid
civil disobedience campaign: refusal to obey certain laws/commands of a government
1960s: Mandela took a more militant approach
[I]t would be wrong and unrealistic for African leaders to continue preaching peace and nonviolence at a time when the government met our peaceful demands with force. It was only when all else had failed, when all channels of peaceful protest had been barred to us, that the decision was made to embark on violent forms of political struggle.”

13. Nelson Mandela
1964: Mandela sentenced to life in prison for plotting to overthrow the government
1970s: Black Africans protested and police responded with violence
other countries started to take notice and pressure South African government to end apartheid
foreign investments started to decline
countries imposed sanctions (penalties) on South Africa

14. End of Apartheid
Small reforms were made but the white government still believed they were superior to blacks
Worldwide protests took place
1989: F. W. de Klerk became President and he overturned apartheid
1990: Mandela released from prison

15. End of Apartheid
1994: election involving members of all races took place
Mandela won and became the country’s first black president
1996: Government passed a new constitution that guarantees rights of all citizens

16. South Africa Today
South Africa has one of the world’s largest economies
In recession since 2009
recession: economic decline
South African blacks have achieved political equality but they are much poorer than whites
Average income for white South African is 10 times higher than for blacks

17. South Africa Today
Blacks get the worst jobs, own the least productive land, and attend the worst schools
Apartheid led to poor education for blacks

18. South Africa Today South Africa has 2 economies:
1. White upper middle income
live in secure neighborhoods in cities
have good jobs and access to education
2. Poverty stricken blacks
live in poor, rural townships and
work in unskilled jobs