1. Freedom, Order, or Equality?
Chapter 1
Freedom, Order, or Equality?

2. Chapter 1 Scenario 1
Do you believe more in freedom, order, or equality? Write a paragraph (at least 5 sentences) explaining your answer. Write this question along with the answer.
You need to do this in your portfolio (notebook). You will have at least 2 scenarios per chapter. Put the scenarios on the same page in that chapter of your portfolio.

3. Portfolio Information
Graded on:
Scenario paragraphs (minimum 5 sentences each)
Chapter Assignment
Notes – you must take at least some notes each day of lecture. Write down the most important things you need to remember/study
Other
Turn in on test day

4. Chapter 1 Scenario 2:
Read Page 3-4. Should Government spend billions on bailouts when taxpayers bear the burden?

5. The Purpose of This Text
To explain the workings of government
To enable students to evaluate policy decisions and relationships
Politics at home and abroad
Individual freedoms vs. personal security
Individual freedom vs. social equality

6. Introduction Do you like being told what to do?
Do you like being coerced into acting a certain way?
Billions of people accept power of government…what side of road to drive, what constitutes a contract, how to dispose of waste, taxes, etc.
Why???

7. Government
Organization using legitimate use of force (including firearms, imprisonment, and execution) within specified geographical boundaries to control human behavior.

8. The Globalization of American Government
Concept of government has evolved
Initially territorial in nature
Idea of national sovereignty
Is U.S. sovereignty threatened by globalization (interdependence of nations across the world)?
International Criminal Court
(soldiers/death penalty)

9. Which is better??
To live under a government that fiercely protects individual freedom OR one protecting against physical/economic threats?
To let all citizens keep same share of income or to tax wealthier people more to fund programs for the poor?
(Discuss with your __ partner)

10. The Globalization of Nations
Citizens and nations differ in degree of globalization
KOF study places U.S. at 27 of 181
See chart on page 8.
The U.S. closely tied to both friends and former enemies in worldwide economic, social, and political network (China, Russia, OIL)

11. The Purposes of Government
Citizens must surrender some freedoms to be provided services by a government
Governmental control vs. personal freedoms
Most willing to give up some freedoms for governmental benefits

12. Rosa Parks 1955. Is this equality? Is equality a purpose of government?

13. The Purposes of Government
1. To maintain order
Hobbes – focused on peoples’ safety/survival
Locke – wanted life, liberty, and property
Marx – ownership of land and production to the people/government (Communism)
2. To provide public goods
Usually for things not likely to be provided by individuals
Controversial as to what goods or services appropriate (Is bailout public good?)
3. More recently in the U.S., to promote equality - $$?
Controversial: policies promoting equality by redistributing income (taking from wealthy, giving to poor)

14. Promoting Equality (continued)
“From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs” – Karl Marx
Minimum Wage increase 2007
$5.15 – $7.25
Is this redistribution?
Social Equality – same sex marriage rights

16. This engraving is from the 1651 edition of Leviathan, by Thomas Hobbes
This engraving is from the 1651 edition of Leviathan, by Thomas Hobbes. It shows a sovereign holding a sword and a scepter of justice. He watches over an orderly town, made peaceful by his absolute authority. But note that the sovereign’s body is composed of tiny images of his subjects. He exists only through them. Hobbes explains that such government power can be created only if people “confer all their power and strength upon one man, or upon one assembly of men, that may reduce all their wills, by plurality of voices, unto one will.”

17. A Conceptual Framework for Analyzing Government
Most governmental decisions based on a tradeoff in values
What values a government decides to pursue grouped in three categories:
Freedom
Order
Equality

18. A Conceptual Framework for Analyzing Government
Two categories for models of democratic government:
Majoritarian democracy
Pluralist democracy
More in Chapter 2
Pluralist shifts the focus of democratic government from the mass electorate to organized groups. In Majoritarian, the mass public, not interest groups, controls government actions.

19. Freedom, order, equality….what do these words mean to you?
Do they have positive/negative connotations?

20. The Concept of Freedom Two basic types of freedom:
Freedom of, or freedom to do things without constraints (absence of constraints)
Freedom from oppression or exploitation
These concepts also described as liberty and equality
Freedom of = freedom
Freedom from = equality

21. Four Freedoms
Norman Rockwell paintings – became famous posters during WWII. Reminder of what they were fighting for.
FDR before WWII..see page 16-17

22. The Concept of Order
Can be viewed narrowly as preservation of life and protection of property or broadly as preserving social order
Social order generally held to be the traditional or accepted way of doing things
Protections via police powers
Balance between protections and civil liberties sometimes difficult to achieve
Police Powers = the authority of government to safeguard residents’ safety, health, welfare, and morals.
Is preserving social order a function of government?

23. Keeping Order Examples
1980s – banning smoking in public places
1990s – porn on the Internet
After 9/11/01 – deterring terrorism
2009 – Christmas Day bomber – full body scanners
What other recent examples can you think of?

24. Order in a nutshell According to your text: Preserving life
Protecting property
Maintaining traditional social relationships

25. Compared with what? The Importance of Order and Freedom in Other Nations
Compared with other nations, Americans do not value order very much, but do favor protecting freedom of speech.

26. The Concept of Equality
Used in many different senses
Basic definition of political equality is one person, one vote
Do some people have “more” than one vote?
Some expand definition to include social equality, or equality in wealth, education, and status
Equality of opportunity vs. equality of outcome

27. What’s the difference?
Equality of Opportunity: Each person is guaranteed the same chance to succeed in life
A right/Theory
Equality of Outcome: Society must ensure that people are equal, and governments must design policies to redistribute wealth and status so that economic and social equality is actually achieved.
Results

28. Equality of opportunity examples
Constitution prohibits titles of nobility
And does not make owning property a requirement for voting or holding office
Public schools and libraries open to all
Other examples?

29. Equality of Outcome examples
Does this clash with the concept of freedom? Redistribution?
Comparable funding for men’s and women’s college sports.
Affirmative action programs to increase minority hiring
Federal laws requiring employers to pay men and women equally for equal work
Affirmative action in preferential treatment of minorities in college admissions

30. Equality in the Military
While they still have a long way to go, women are being treated more equally in the military. Although not allowed in units engaged in direct combat, they often find themselves in battle and even killed. As of February 2009, 102 female soldiers had been killed by hostile fire in Iraq, more than 2x as many women killed in the military from the end of WWII to the start of the Iraq War.

31. In Class Activity Date this ___ and put in your portfolio.
I will put you in 4 groups. Each group needs to come up with 3 arguments related to equality in the military.
Group 1: Why women should participate in combat
Group 2: Why women should NOT participate in combat
Group 3: Why homosexual men/women should be allowed to openly serve
Group 4: Why homosexual men/women should NOT be allowed to openly serve
List your arguments in your portfolio under ___.

32. Two Dilemmas of Government
Order and equality valuable, but require limitations in individual freedoms
Original dilemma was freedom vs. order; has evolved to encompass more issues
Personal safety, whether from attack or diseases like AIDS
Other issues such as capital punishment and access to controversial videos on YouTube
Strengthening one value takes away from the other
See 2009 survey results on page 20-21

33. Two Dilemmas of Government
Modern dilemma is freedom vs. equality
Values clash when government makes policies to enforce equality
Equal pay for women and men
School busing
Discrimination based on many things, including DNA
Americans more likely to choose freedom over equality

34. Ideology and the Scope of Government
Opinions about the merits of various public policies differ greatly
Some persons have values and beliefs that produce contradictory opinions (based on self - interests)
Other persons have a consistent political ideology (a consistent set of values and beliefs about the proper purpose and scope of government)
Different political ideologies form a continuum (see next slide)

35. Ideology and the Scope of Government

36. Different Ideologies
Totalitarianism – unlimited power; controls everything; “Big Brother”; Hitler; Stalin
Socialism – Government controls basic industries. Allows more room for private ownership than communism
Strong gov role in economy
Democratic socialism – gives civil liberties (Western Europe)
Communism – usually totalitarian

37. Different Ideologies Capitalism – free enterprise
railroads, airlines, tv stations owned privately
Libertarianism – Very limited government (only protecting life/property)
Gov should not promote order or equality
Traffic laws = yes; helmets/seat belts = no
Laissez faire – let people do as they please

38. Different ideologies Anarchism – opposes all government
Pure anarchy objects to even traffic laws
Government an unnecessary evil used by wealthy to exploit everyone else

39. Review – do these make sense?

40. Ch. 1 Scenario 3
Which of the previous ideologies on page do you align with? Explain why giving examples of things you agree on.

41. Liberals and Conservatives: The Narrow Middle
Practical politics in the U.S. ranges over the center of the ideological continuum
The extremes of political thought rarely argued in public debates
Most Americans either liberals or conservatives
Differences center on role of government

42. Liberals Versus Conservatives: The New Differences
Historical differences were government’s role in delivering public goods
Today, differences focus on the purpose of government
Conservatives support maintenance of social order
Liberals want government to promote equality

43. Conservatives vs. Liberals
Government spending on public goods
Conservatives – less
Liberals – more
Conservatives – swifter punishment
Also preserving traditional social patterns
Liberals – more tolerant of alternative lifestyles (homosexuals)

44. Conservatives vs. Liberals
Conservatives may not oppose equality – just don’t value it.
They don’t think it’s a government role
Liberals think government sponsored equality is valid and necessary

45. Gives a good synopsis of what conservatives value (Democrats probably disagree with this picture)

46. Republicans probably don’t like the tone of this sign.

47. A Two-Dimensional Classification of Ideologies
Accurate classifications require looking at values of freedom, order, and equality
Libertarians value freedom more than order or equality
Liberals value freedom more than order, but not more than equality
Conservatives value freedom more than equality, but are willing to restrict it to preserve social order
Communitarians favor programs that support both order and equality

48. Ideologies: A Two-Dimensional Framework
How much freedom should be sacrificed in pursuit of order and equality?
Libertarians and Communitarians are consistent in their attitude toward scope of government activity.
Liberals & conservatives favor or oppose government activity depending on its purpose.

49. Chapter 1 Scenario 4
Which of the values (Libertarian, Liberal, Conservative, Communitarian) do you consider yourself? Give examples to explain.