1. Emotions
Chapter 10

2. What are emotions? Emotions are a mix of
bodily arousal (physiological)
conscious experience (cognitive)
overt expressions (behavioral)
Mnemonic: ACE
Emotions are expressed on the face, by the body, and by the intonation of voice.

3. Experienced Emotion 10 basic emotions.
Most of them are present in infancy, except for contempt, shame, and guilt.
OBJECTIVE 13| Name the 10 basic emotions, and describe two dimensions psychologists use to differentiate emotions.

4. Detecting Emotion
Most people find it difficult to detect deceiving emotions.
Do you?
Even trained professionals like police officers, psychiatrists, judges, and polygraphists detected deceiving emotions only 54% of the time.
OBJECTIVE 10| Discuss the research on reading and misreading facial and behavioral indicators of emotion.

5. Micro-expressions
Unlike regular facial expressions, they are difficult to hide.
They use the same muscles, but are very brief in nature.
Paul Eckman

6. Signs of Deception Shifting/wandering eyes Obscuring eyes Fidgeting
Fiddling with cup, pens, etc.
Wringing hands
Clearing throat
Rapid speech
Speech errors
Speech hesitations
Becoming silent
Shorter then usual responses
Changes in voice (pitch)
Signs of nervousness
Shifting weight
Random, repeated smiles
Biting lip
Licking lips
Chewing nails
Running tongue over teeth
Leaning forward
Inappropriate familiar touching
Increased blinking
Sweating
Shaking

7. Culture and Emotions Are emotions universal?
When culturally diverse people were shown basic facial expressions, they did fairly well at recognizing them.
Display Rules
OBJECTIVE 11| Discuss the culture-specific and culturally universal aspects of emotional expression, and explain how emotional expressions can enhance survival.

8. James-Lange Theory
William James and Carl Lange came up with the James-Lange Theory of Emotion.
We feel emotion because of biological changes caused by stress.
The body changes and our mind recognizes the feeling.
Supported by the facial feedback hypothesis

9. Cannon-Bard Theory
Walter Cannon and Phillip Bard said the James-Lange theory was full of crap.
How can that be true if similar physiological changes correspond with drastically different emotional states?
The physiological change and cognitive awareness must occur simultaneously.
1) Cannon suggested that body’s responses were not distinct enough to evoke different emotions. 2) Physiological responses seemed too slow to trigger sudden emotions.

10. Two-Factor Theory
Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer explains emotions more completely that the other two theories.
They happen at the same time but context matters!
Biology and Cognition interact with each other to increase the experience.