1. Class Name, Instructor Name
Lasley & Guskos, Criminal Investigation: An Illustrated Case Study Approach 1ed
Chapter 1
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION: THEN AND NOW
Class Name, Instructor Name
Date, Semester

2. CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
Outline the history of policing and criminal investigation
Describe how developments in research and science have aided criminal investigation
Discuss the three periods of American criminal investigation
Discuss the origins of criminal investigative agencies in America
Explain the organization, roles, and responsibilities of various police agencies

3. Outline the history of policing and criminal investigation
Learning Objectives
After this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes
Outline the history of policing and criminal investigation

4. History of Investigations
BOW STREET RUNNERS:
Henry Fielding—Organized volunteers called “thief- takers” in 1748
John Fielding—created the first organized nonmunicipal detectives 4 4

5. Scotland Yard Detective Branch
The Daniel Good murder enforced the need for detectives looking like ordinary citizens
Established in 1842, multiple municipal law enforcement agencies created London’s Scotland Yard Detective Branch.

6. Learning Objectives
After this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes
Describe how developments in research and science have aided criminal investigation

7. Research and Science Mathieu Orfila—toxicologist Investigation:
Scientific and Laboratory analyses
Mathieu Orfila—toxicologist
Began scientific era
Toxicology: Cause of Death 7

8. Discuss the three periods of American criminal investigation
Learning Objectives
After this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes
Discuss the three periods of American criminal investigation

9. American Investigations
Prescientific
Period
Scientific
Period
Technological
Period 9

10. Prescientific Period Prescientific Period
Informal law enforcement activities led to the creation of local, state, federal agencies
Prescientific Period 10 10

11. Began with advent of the investigative crime lab in early 1920s
Scientific Period
Began with advent of the investigative crime lab in early 1920s
Scientific Period 11 11

12. Technological Period Technological Period
1960s added computers and large-scale databases to criminal investigations
Technological
Period 12 12

13. Learning Objectives
After this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes
Explain the organization, roles, and responsibilities of various police agencies

14. Investigative Agencies Established
U.S. Marshall Service —1789, court security, serve arrest warrants, capture fugitives
U.S. Postal Inspection —1830, mail theft, fraud, identity theft, bombings, child exploitation, terrorism
Texas Rangers —1835, major crimes, unsolved crimes, serial offenders, public corruption, officer involved shootings

15. Investigative Agencies Established
Municipal Detectives —1846, Francis Tukey “show up of rogues,” Allan Pinkerton 1849, first US plainclothes detective
Pinkerton Detectives —1850, private investigation agency, security services
Secret Service —1865, prevent counterfeiting, protect president, money laundering

16. Investigative Agencies Established
FBI —1908, civil rights matters, counterterrorism, organized crime, financial crimes
Bureau of Prohibition —1927, liquor laws, changed to ATF, illegal use/trafficking firearms, explosives, arson, bombings, terrorism, alcohol, tobacco
Bureau of Narcotics —1930, drug enforcement, changed to DEA

17. Discuss the origins of criminal investigative agencies in America
Learning Objectives
After this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes
Discuss the origins of criminal investigative agencies in America

18. Origins World’s first crime lab—France, Edmond Locard, 1910
First U.S. crime lab—LAPD, 1923, August Vollmer
Calvin Goddard—earliest private crime lab
Sacco-Vanzetti murder case (ballistics)
St. Valentine’s Day Massacre
Goddard appointed as Director of private crime lab because of these 2 cases

19. Origins FBI implementation of crime lab
J. Edgar Hoover
National Bureau of Criminal Identification
Criminal Laboratory opened 1932 in Washington DC
Typewriter Standards File
National Fraudulent Check File
Anonymous Letter File
National Automotive Paint File
Reference Firearms Collection

20. Advancements Academic Innovations Criminalists and Forensic Science
Paul Kirk
Trace evidence
Blood spatter analysis
Criminalists and Forensic Science
American Board of Criminalists
Criminalists
Forensic Sciences

21. Advancements NCIC IAFIS DNA 1967
Crime related information—vehicles, persons
IAFIS
Digital fingerprint system
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Pitchfork case (Sexual assault and murder of 2 women using DNA for case resolution)

22. CODIS DHS Advancements Genetic fingerprints Sex offenders terrorism
International & domestic

23. CHAPTER SUMMARY
The origins of criminal investigation can be traced back to the activities of several private individuals and groups, known as thief-takers. Henry Fielding and Sir John Fielding organized the first such group, the Bow Street Runners, in London.
French toxicologist Mathieu Orfila testified as a forensic expert in a suspected murder by poisoning case, did the sciences become an established investigative tool. Other notable pioneering scientific contributions include Bertillon’s 1833 method of criminal identification by measurement (anthropometry) and Galton’s 1892 method of fingerprint classification.
Prescientific Period, the first period of American criminal investigation, was characterized by information gathering techniques; the Scientific Period, the second period, involved the use of newly developed criminal identification methods; and the Technological Period, present-day investigations, involves the use of sophisticated high-tech innovations.

24. CHAPTER SUMMARY
The world’s first lab was started in 1910 by Edmond Locard in France; first U.S. crime lab, LYPD, was instituted in 1923 by August Vollmer; and the earliest crime lab, Bureau of Scientific Ballistic, was found by Calvin Goddard.
The U.S. Marshals Service was the first investigative agency, which was formed at the federal level; the other significant investigative agencies are the Texas Rangers, the U.S. Postal Inspection; Municipal Detectives; Pinkerton Detectives; Secret Service; FBI, Bureau of Prohibition; Bureau of Narcotics, etc.