1. INFECTIOUS DISEASES
These diseases are covered predominantly in chapter 9 & 11 of your textbook
Supplemental reading:
CTVT Textbook 8th edition - pages

2. CASE #1 CANINE DISTEMPER

3. PATIENT PRESENTATION

4. PATIENT PRESENTATION
SIGNALMENT: 12 week old, male/neutered, mixed breed puppy
PRESENTING COMPLAINT: lethargy, ocular and nasal discharge for the past 3 days; mild cough, appetite is poor; puppy had diarrhea last night and vomiting/diarrhea this morning

5. PATIENT PRESENTATION Hx: Other Relevant Info:
puppy adopted from local shelter 2 weeks ago
has received one set of vaccinations
Is he fully vaccinated?
Other Relevant Info:
Client has 1 other dog who is 1 year old and fully vaccinated
Client has 2 cats who are 2 and 5 yrs old that are fully vaccinated

6. PATIENT PRESENTATION PHYSICAL EXAM FINDINGS: Lethargy dehydrated
Temp: 103.8, HR: 116, RR: 20 – lung fields sound slightly moist, and the puppy coughs a few times during the exam
Mm: pink, CRT: 2.5sec
Mucopurulent ocular/nasal discharge

7. DIAGNOSTICS & TREATMENT
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:
CBC (complete blood cell count): to look for evidence of infection and/or anemia
There is NO SPECIFIC DIAGNOSTIC TEST FOR DISTEMPER BEFORE DEATH!
TREATMENT-SUPPORTIVE THERAPY
ANTIBIOTICS
FLUIDS
SYMPTOMATIC TREATMENT
Anti-emetics
Ophthalmic ointments
Cleaning ocular/nasal discharge frequently
Nutrition
Clean, dry environment; low stress

8. DIAGNOSTICS
WORSENING OF CLINICAL SIGNS: 1 week later, the client returns. The puppy is weak and appears to have muscle twitching; muscles of the mouth appear as if the puppy is “chewing gum”; hyperkeratotic foot pads & nose
LACK OF RESPONSE TO TREATMENT IS CHARACTERISTIC FOR CANINE DISTEMPER VIRUS

9. PATIENT PRESENTATION HYPERKERATOSIS OF NOSE & FOOT PADS
ENAMEL HYPOPLASIA

10. Distemper Neuro Videos
Neurological signs in these patients is a poor prognostic indicator

11. DIAGNOSTICS AND TREATMENT
FURTHER DIAGNOSTICS:
Blood work to compare CBC results
CBC: Leukocytosis with neutrophilia found due to secondary infection
Paired titers
Fluorescent antibody(FA): Viral inclusions are found in mononuclear cells of the blood smear
Post-mortem tissue sample taken from mucous membranes or epithelial cells of the urinary, respiratory, or GI tract may also display viral inclusions.

12. PROGNOSIS & CLIENT INFORMATION
Transmission of this (single-stranded RNA, enveloped, paramyxo-) virus is through aerosolization of bodily fluids, fomites
Fatality rate may be as high as 90%!
Prognosis is guarded at best, especially if neurologic signs are present
Neurologic signs may be focal to general including seizures
Although Distemper is contagious, it is unlikely to affect the clients older, vaccinated dogs
CVD does not affect cats

13. PI = Post-infection

14. PREVENTION Vaccination
Thorough cleaning – the virus is labile and can be killed with common disinfectants, and heat
Isolation of infected animals

15. CASE #2 Parvovirus

16. PATIENT PRESENTATION

17. PATIENT PRESENTATION Hx:
SIGNALMENT: 3mth old Rottweiler puppy, intact male
PRESENTING COMPLAINT: lethargy, poor appetite, bloody diarrhea for 2 days; puppy has vomited twice this morning
Hx:
Owner purchased puppy from local trader’s market at 10 weeks old.
The breeder gave the first set of vaccinations at 3 weeks old and a 7 weeks
Is he completely vaccinated?

18. PATIENT PRESENTATION
Hx: owner already has a 6mth old, intact female Rottweiler he got as a gift from a family member. He purchased the new puppy as a playmate.
The 6mth old puppy had 3 sets of vaccinations Neither puppy has been started on heartworm or flea prevention.

19. PATIENT PRESENTATION PHYSICAL EXAM FINDINGS: dehydrated
mm: pale, CRT: >2.5sec
Depressed
Rear soiled in blood-tinged diarrhea, strong, foul odor
Temp: 103.5, HR: 120 RR: 24

20. DIAGNOSTICS Fecal Parvo ELISA (snap test) CBC/Serum Chemistries
Check for concurrent intestinal parasitism
Parvo ELISA (snap test)
Detects viral antigen
CBC/Serum Chemistries
Marked lymphopenia, neutropenia

21. PARVO ELISA

23. PATHOGENESIS TRANSMISSION: fecal-oral route
Virus has affinity for rapidly dividing cells such as intestinal epithelium & bone marrow; severe cases affect the myocardium (esp in utero)
Affect on bone marrow: lymphopenia, neutropenia WBCs may be <2000
Possible sequelae: septicemia, intussusception

24. TREATMENT ISOLATE INFECTED ANIMALS
HOSPITALIZATION – SUPPORTIVE THERAPY
IV fluids w/added electrolytes, added dextrose (hetastarch used as plasma volume expander)
ANTIBIOTICS
ANTI-EMETICS
Reglan (metoclopramide)
Cerenia (maropitant)
Zofran (ondansetron)
NSAIDs – possibly for fever, but could complicate bleeding
+/- Plasma transfusion for hypoproteinemia
+/-ANTIVIRAL
Tamiflu

25. PROGNOSIS
PROGNOSIS: generally good with aggressive and early treatment; 80%-90% success
Concurrent infections and GI parasites can worsen prognosis

26. PREVENTION & CLIENT INFORMATION
VACCINATION
Keep puppies isolated until they have firm immunity, usually about weeks of age
Vaccinate at 6-8 weeks then q3-4 weeks until 16 weeks of age
CLIENT INFO
In this case, the 1st 2 vaccines are not valid
Client should isolate the new puppy from the older one
Treatment is expensive
The virus is resistant in the environment and may survive for years. A 1:30 solution of bleach is effective.

27. CASE #3 Canine Respiratory Disease Complex (Kennel Cough, Infectious Tracheobronchitis) see ch.11 pgs

28. PATIENT PRESENTATION

29. PATIENT PRESENTATION Hx: SIGNALMENT: 4yr old, female spayed, dachshund
PRESENTING COMPLAINT: dry, hacking cough; dog is still active and eating and drinking well. Coughing began about 1 week ago.
Hx:
Owner began sending the dog to day care everyday while she was at work
After the puppy set of vaccines, dog was vx at 1yr and 2 yrs old. She received an injectable Bordetella vaccine 1 day before beginning daycare.

30. PATIENT PRESENTATION Hx: Patient is current on HW and flea prevention
HW neg.
No other significant illnesses
PHYSICAL EXAM FINDINGS:
Temp: 102.1, HR: 140, RR: 36
Sneezing and occasional coughing on exam
Cough can be elicited on tracheal palpation
Mild, clear nasal discharge
Normal hydration status
mm: pk. CRT: <2sec

31. DIAGNOSIS: CANINE RESPIRATORY DISEASE COMPLEX
Aka Infectious Tracheobronchitis (Kennel Cough)
Major causes
VIRUSES: Canine Adenovirus-2, Parainfluenza, Canine herpesvirus, Canine Influenza, canine distemper virus
BACTERIA: mycoplasma, bordetella bronchiseptica, streptococcus sp.
(Kennel cough videos)

32. DIAGNOSTICS & TREATMENT
Based on physical exam, clinical signs and history
Virus isolation from swabs of the pharynx, nasal passageways, trachea can help determine which virus and/or bacteria is the cause
Thoracic radiographs if pneumonia suspected

33. DIAGNOSTICS & TREATMENT
Adequate hydration
Antibiotics
Antitussives (cough suppressants)
Hycodan (hydrocodone)
Butorphanol
Cough Tabs (dextromethorphan, guaifenesin)

34. PROGNOSIS & CLIENT INFORMATION
Transmission of these organisms is by inhalation of respiratory droplets or contact with fomites
The prognosis is good with proper treatment
It is a self-limiting disease
May take 2-3 weeks to resolve
Injectable Bordetella vaccine requires 2 doses at least 2 weeks apart, then another 7-10 days for protective immunity
If using the intranasal vaccine, 2-3 days prior to exposure is recommended
Oral Bordetella is available as well

35. PREVENTION Isolate infected animals Vaccinate appropriately
Most routine disinfectants, bleach, quarternary ammonium compounds will kill these viruses and bacteria
Proper sanitation

36. NOTE: CANINE HEPATITIS
Caused by Canine Adenovirus-1 (CAV-1)
The vaccine for CAV-2 (a respiratory virus) will cross-protect against canine hepatitis.
Hepatitis is uncommon due to thorough vaccination programs.
The disease causes hepatic necrosis in affected dogs
Treatment is supportive