1. Section 5: Personality Disorders and Drug Addiction
People with personality disorders seem unable to establish meaningful relationships with other people or to adapt to their social environment. 
Abuse of drugs often involves psychological dependence, addiction, tolerance, and sometimes withdrawal.
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2. Continued on next slide.

3. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.
1. People could begin because it reduces tension, makes them feel confident, and reduces pressure. 
2. It distorts perceptions and sensations, slurs speech, and causes sluggish reactions. 
3. Possible help includes AA psychological treatment, and Antabuse. 
4. Answers will vary.
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4. Reader’s Guide Main Idea Objectives
Personality disorders and drug addiction prohibit normal relationships and normal functioning. 
Objectives
Describe how personality disorders differ from other psychological disorders. 
Explain how drug abuse is a psychological problem.
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5. Click the Speaker button to listen to Exploring Psychology.
Reader’s Guide (cont.)
Vocabulary
personality disorders 
antisocial personality 
psychological dependence 
addiction 
tolerance 
withdrawal
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6. Introduction
Lack of constraint is a sign of a personality disorder, specifically an antisocial personality disorder.

7. Personality Disorders
Personality disorders are different from the problems we have been discussing. 
Psychologists consider people with personality disorders “abnormal” because they seem unable to establish meaningful relationships with other people, to assume social responsibilities, or to adapt to their social environment.
personality disorders
maladaptive or inflexible ways of dealing with others and one’s environment
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8. Personality Disorders (cont.)
This diagnostic category includes a wide range of self-defeating personality patterns, from painfully shy, lonely types to vain, pushy show-offs. 
In this section we focus on people with antisocial personalities, who in the past were referred to as sociopaths or psychopaths.
antisocial personalities
a personality disorder characterized by irresponsibility, shallow emotions, and lack of conscience
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9. Types of Personality Disorders
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10. Antisocial Personality
Individuals with antisocial personalities exhibit a persistent disregard for and violation of others’ rights. 
Intolerant of everyday frustrations and unable to save or plan or wait, they live for the moment. 
Many individuals with antisocial personalities can get away with destructive behavior because they are intelligent, entertaining, and able to feign emotions they do not feel.
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11. Antisocial Personality (cont.)
According to one theory, individuals with antisocial personalities have simply imitated their own antisocial parents. 
Psychologists are still investigating the relationship between genes and antisocial behavior. 
Those with antisocial personalities never seem to learn to anticipate punishment and remain calm while committing antisocial acts.
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12. Drug Addiction
In American society, drug abuse has become a major psychological problem. 
Abuse of drugs invariably involves psychological dependence. 
People can become psychologically dependent on a wide variety of drugs, including alcohol, caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, marijuana, and amphetamines.
psychological dependence
use of a drug to such an extent that a person feels nervous and anxious without it
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13. Drug Addiction (cont.)
When deprived of the drug, a psychologically dependent person becomes restless, irritable, and uneasy. 
In addition to psychological dependence, drugs can lead to physiological addiction. 
Just as dependence causes a psychological need for the drug, addiction causes a physical need.
addiction
a pattern of drug abuse characterized by an over-whelming and compulsive desire to obtain and use the drug
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14. Drug Addiction (cont.)
Once a person is addicted to a drug, he develops tolerance. 
If the addict does not get the drug, he is likely to go through withdrawal. 
Withdrawal is a state of physical and psychological upset during which the body and the mind revolt against and finally get used to the absence of the drug.
tolerance
physical adaptation to a drug so that a person needs an increased amount in order to produce the original effect
withdrawal
the symptoms that occur after a person discontinues the use of a drug to which he or she has become addicted
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15. Alcoholism This country’s most serious drug problem is alcoholism. 
More than half of the students entering high school have already tried alcohol; by the time of graduation, 92 percent have tried it. 
Fifty percent or more of the deaths in automobile accidents each year can be traced to alcohol; in half of all murders, either the killer or the victim had been drinking.
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16. Alcoholism (cont.)
In small doses, alcohol might be called a social wonder drug since the first psychological function that it slows down is our inhibitions. 
It is for this reason that many people consider alcohol a stimulant, when it is really a depressant. 
As the number of drinks increases, one by one, the person’s psychological and physiological functions begin to shut down.
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17. Alcoholism (cont.)
If enough alcohol accumulates in the body, it leads to unconsciousness and, in some cases, coma and death. 
It all depends on how much and how rapidly alcohol enters the bloodstream– which, in turn, depend on a person’s weight, body chemistry, how much he or she drinks and how quickly, and his or her past experience with drinking. 
Alcohol can produce psychological dependence, tolerance, and addiction.
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18. Alcoholism (cont.)
One researcher (Jellinek, 1960) has outlined three stages of alcoholism. 
In the first stage, the individual discovers that alcohol reduces her tensions, gives her self-confidence, and reduces social pressures. 
In the second stage, the beverage becomes a drug. 
In the final stage, she drinks compulsively, beginning in the morning.
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19. Alcoholism (cont.)
Alcoholism may develop from both environmental and genetic factors. 
The first step in treating the alcoholic is to help her through the violent withdrawal– called delirium tremens–typical of alcohol addiction and then to try to make her healthier. 
She may be given a variety of treatments, from drugs to psychotherapy. 
Some alcoholics must turn to medical treatment.
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20. Alcoholism (cont.)
Some doctors prescribe Antabuse to alcoholics (Peachey & Naranjo, 1983). 
When alcoholics take a daily Antabuse pill, they become violently sick if they have a drink of alcohol. 
The threat of the violent sickness may become an effective prevention. 
There is, however, no certain cure for alcoholism.
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21. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Section Assessment
Review the Vocabulary How are addiction, tolerance, and withdrawal related to drug abuse?
Addiction is the psychological dependence on drugs. Tolerance is a physical adaptation to the drug. Withdrawal is the psychological and physical symptoms that result when drug use is discontinued.
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22. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Visualize the Main Idea Use an outline similar to the one on page 478 of your textbook to list characteristics of an antisocial personality.
Characteristics of an antisocial personality include a pattern of disregard and violation of others’ rights with no feelings of remorse, treating people as objects, intolerance of everyday frustrations, and living for the moment.
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23. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Recall Information What are the three stages of alcoholism? How can alcohol lead to psychological dependence?
The stages are (1) drinking makes the person feel better, (2) drinking becomes a drug to the point that a person believes he or she has to hide the habit, and (3) drinking becomes compulsive. The person comes to depend on alcohol to get through tough situations.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Think Critically How do personality disorders differ from other psychological disorders?
People with personality disorders do not suffer anxiety or bizarre behavior. Their problems involve the inability to establish and maintain meaningful social relationships or adapt to their social environment.
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25. Section Assessment (cont.)
Review Raymond Cattell’s 16 personality source traits (Figure on page 400 of your textbook).
Using these traits, rate a person suffering from antisocial personality disorder or one of the the other personality disorders listed in Figure on page 475 of your textbook.

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End of Section 5
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27. The prevalence of antisocial personality disorder is approximately 3 to 4 percent in the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. However, the rate in Taiwan is only 0.5 percent. Psychologists speculate that a culture emphasizing close family ties may be responsible for the lower incidence in Taiwan. Further research is needed to confirm this hypothesis.

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End of Slide Show
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