2. Leonardo's Laptop: Human Needs and the New Computing Ben Shneiderman Founding Director (1983-2000), Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor, Department of Computer Science Member, Institutes for Advanced Computer Studies & Systems Research University of Maryland ben@cs.umd.edu

3. Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Interdisciplinary research community - Computer Science & Psychology - Information Studies & Education (www.cs.umd.edu/hcil)

4. Scientific Approach (beyond user friendly) Z Specify users and tasks Z Predict and measure ] time to learn ] speed of performance ] rate of human errors human retention over time human retention over time Z Assess subjective satisfaction (Questionnaire for User Interface Satisfaction) Z Accommodate individual differences Z Consider social, organizational & cultural context

5. Design Issues Z Z Input devices & strategies ] ] Keyboards, pointing devices, voice ] ] Direct manipulation ] ] Menus, forms, commands Z Z Output devices & formats ] ] Screens, windows, color, sound ] ] Text, tables, graphics ] ] Instructions, messages, help Z Z Collaboration & communities Z Z Manuals, tutorials, training www.awl.com/DTUI usableweb.com hcibib.org useit.com

6. Library of Congress Z Scholars, Journalists, Citizens Z Teachers, Students

7. Visible Human Explorer (NLM) Z Doctors Z Surgeons Z Researchers Z Students

8. NASA Environmental Data Z Scientists Z Farmers Z Land planners Z Students

9. Bureau of Census Z Economists, Policy makers, Journalists Z Teachers, Students

10. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) Renaissance Man Z Painter Z Inventor Z Visionary Z Mathematician Z Philosopher Z Engineer

11. Mona Lisa

12. Lady with Ermine & Leda with Swan

13. Last Supper Fresco

14. Remarkable Drawing Skill

15. Faces of Old Men

16. Anatomical Drawings

17. Machine Gun and Giant Crossbow

18. Why Leonardo Inspires Us He integrated - Scientific outlook - Practical technology - Artistic skill

19. Leonardo: An Inspirational Muse Three lessons: 1) Human needs drive innovation 2) Universal usability 3) Creativity support tools

20. Z Jefferson: Life, Liberty & the Pursuit of Happiness Z Roosevelt: Freedom of speech & expression, religion, from want, from fear Z Maslow: Hierarchy of human needs Physiological Safety Love Esteem Self-Actualization Covey: Living, Loving, Learning & Leaving a legacy 1) Human needs drive innovation

21. Spectrum of relationships Family & Friends (2-20 close intimates) Colleagues & Neighbors (10-1000 regular encounters) Members & Residents (1000-1,000,000 professionals or city residents ) Citizenry & Markets (larger communities)

22. Range of Activities Collect: Information Relate: Communication Create: Innovation Donate: Dissemination

23. Periodic table Relationships: Family & Friends Colleagues & Neighbors Members & Residents Citizenry & Markets Activities: Collect Relate Create Donate

24. Periodic table Relationships: Family & Friends Colleagues & Neighbors Members & Residents Citizenry & Markets Activities: Collect Relate Create Donate Skeptics corner - Arent relationships more complex - Are these useful activities?

25. Examples: Collecting information Relationships: Family & Friends Colleagues & Neighbors Members & Residents Citizenry & Markets Activities: Collect Relate Create Donate LifeLines InfoDoor InfoWall InfoWall WebBush WebBush

26. Examples: Relating to others Relationships: Family & Friends Colleagues & Neighbors Members & Residents Citizenry & Markets Activities: Collect Relate Create Donate Empathic support Neighbor.com Negotiated expectations Million person community

27. Examples: Creating a future Relationships: Family & Friends Colleagues & Neighbors Members & Residents Citizenry & Markets Activities: Collect Relate Create Donate Vacation plan Business strategy Urban renewal Policy manifesto

28. Examples: Disseminating & Leading Relationships: Family & Friends Colleagues & Neighbors Members & Residents Citizenry & Markets Activities: Collect Relate Create Donate Tell stories Teach kids Record events Train novices Report decisions Mentorship Preserve history Leadership

29. Human needs drive innovation Relationships: Family & Friends Colleagues & Neighbors Members & Residents Citizenry & Markets Activities: Collect Relate Create Donate Photo Finder ICQ Gather- round.com XXX.LANL Photo Quilt GlassEye Ebay Nasdaq Napster

30. 2) Universal Usability 2) Universal Usability Z Z Problem: Confusion, frustration, and remorse dominate user experiences ] ] Survey of 6000 users finds 5.1 hours/week wasted ] ] Incompatible files, interfaces, networks, hardware ] ] Poorly designed websites lacking accessibility policy Z Z Solutions: ] ] Raise user expectations ] ] Conduct research ] ] Provide practical tools & methods

31. 2) Universal Usability 2) Universal Usability Z Z Problem: Confusion, frustration, and remorse dominate user experiences ] ] Survey of 6000 users finds 5.1 hours/week wasted ] ] Incompatible files, interfaces, networks, hardware ] ] Poorly designed websites lacking accessibility policy Z Z Solutions: ] ] Raise user expectations ] ] Conduct research ] ] Provide practical tools & methods Skeptics corner - Dumbing down - Lowest common denominator

32. 2) Universal Usability Z Z Problem: Confusion, frustration, and remorse dominate user experiences ] ] Survey of 6000 users finds 5.1 hours/week wasted ] ] Incompatible files, interfaces, networks, hardware ] ] Poorly designed websites lacking accessibility policy Z Z Solutions: ] ] Raise user expectations ] ] Conduct research ] ] Provide practical tools & methods

33. ACM Code of Ethics In a fair society, all individuals would have equal opportunity to participate in, or benefit from, the use of computer resources regardless of race, sex, religion, age, disability, national origin or other such similar factors.

34. Internet Use by Education - 1998 Z Percent of U.S. Households Using the Internet Total U.S., Rural, Urban, and Central City Areas Falling Through the Net: Defining the Digital Divide www.ntia.doc.gov

35. Internet Use by Income - 1998 Z Percent of U.S. Households Using the Internet Total U.S., Rural, Urban, and Central City Areas Falling Through the Net: Defining the Digital Divide www.ntia.doc.gov

36. Research Agenda Z Z Technology variety: Support broad range of hardware, software, and network access Z Z User diversity: Accommodate users with different skills, knowledge, age, gender, disabilities, disabling conditions (mobility, injury, noise, sunlight), literacy, culture, income, etc. Z Z Gaps in user knowledge: Bridge the gap between what users know and what they need to know Communications of the ACM, May 2000

37. Technology variety: Support broad range of hardware, software, and network access 1 to 100 range in processor speeds 286 486 Pentium 1 to 100 range in screen sizes Palm devices Laptops Large Desktop or Wall Display 30,000 480,000 3,840,000 pixels Software Versions Compatibility File conversion Multiple platforms Device Independence Input: keyboard, speech,... Output: visual, auditory,... Conversion: Text-speech Speech-text,... 1 to 100 range in network bandwidth 9.6K 56K 10,000Kbps

38. Language & Culture Western, Eastern, developing... Personality Introvert vs extravert Thinking vs feeling Risk aversion Locus of control Planful vs playful User diversity: Accommodate different users Skills Computer newbie to hacker Knowledge Domain novice to expert Age Young to old Gender Male or Female Income Impoverished to wealthy Disabilities Visual, auditory, motoric, cognitive Disabling conditions Mobility, injury, noise, sunlight

39. Online help Context sensitive, tables of contents, Indexes, Keyword search, FAQs, Newsgroups, Chat rooms Online communities Gaps in User Knowledge - Strategies Bridge the gap between what users know and what they need to know Design Layered Level-structured Task-oriented Training Fade-able scaffolding Training wheels Minimalist Online Learning (evolutionary, phased) Introductory tutorials Getting started manuals, Cue cards Walkthroughs/Demos Minimalist/Active Customer service Email Phone Help desks

40. 3) Creativity Support Tools 3) Creativity Support Tools Z More people, more creative, more of the time ] Revolutionary breakthroughs, paradigm shifts, H-creativity ] Evolutionary, normal science, music & art, creative knowledge work ] Impromptu everyday creativity

41. Eight Activities Z Z 1) Searching & browsing digital libraries Z Z 2) Consulting with peers & mentors Z Z 3) Visualizing data & processes Z Z 4) Thinking by free associations Z Z 5) Exploring solutions - What if tools Z Z 6) Composing artifacts & performances Z Z 7) Reviewing & replaying session histories 8) Disseminating results

42. Eight Activities Z Z 1) Searching & browsing digital libraries Z Z 2) Consulting with peers & mentors Z Z 3) Visualizing data & processes Z Z 4) Thinking by free associations Z Z 5) Exploring solutions - What if tools Z Z 6) Composing artifacts & performances Z Z 7) Reviewing & replaying session histories 8) Disseminating results Skeptics corner - Tools can limit imagination - Not everyone wants to be creative - Creativity can be malicious

43. 3) Visualizing data & processes The eye… the window of the soul, is the principal means by which the central sense can most completely and abundantly appreciate the infinite works of nature. Leonardo da Vinci (1452 - 1519)

44. Information Visualization: Using Vision to Think Z Z Visual bandwidth is enormous ] ] Human perceptual skills are remarkable X X Trend, cluster, gap, outlier... X X Color, size, shape, proximity... ] ] Human image storage is fast and vast Z Z Opportunities ] ] Spatial layouts & coordination ] ] Information visualization ] ] Scientific visualization & simulation ] ] Telepresence & augmented reality ] ] Virtual environments

46. Information Visualization: Mantra Z Z Overview, zoom & filter, details-on-demand

47. Information Visualization: Data Types Z Z 1-D Linear Document Lens, SeeSoft, Info Mural, Value Bars Z Z 2-D Map GIS, ArcView, PageMaker, Medical imagery Z Z 3-D World CAD, Medical, Molecules, Architecture Z Z Multi-Dim Parallel Coordinates, Spotfire, XGobi, Visage, Influence Explorer, TableLens, DEVise Z Z Temporal Perspective Wall, LifeLines, Lifestreams, Project Managers, DataSpiral Z Z Tree Cone/Cam/Hyperbolic, TreeBrowser, Treemap Z Z Network Netmap, netViz, SeeNet, Butterfly, Multi-trees (Online Library of Information Visualization Environments) otal.umd.edu/Olive

48. Customer Histories

49. LifeLines

50. Treemap - view large trees 4 Space filling 4 Space limited 4 Color coding 4 Size coding - Requires learning (Shneiderman, ACM Trans. on Graphics, 1992) TreeViz (Mac, Johnson, 1992) NBA-Tree(Sun, Turo, 1993) Winsurfer (Teittinen, 1996) Diskmapper (Windows, Micrologic) Treemap97 (Windows, UMd)

51. Treemap - Stock market, clustered by industry

52. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) Three lessons: 1) Human needs drive innovation 2) Universal usability 3) Creativity support tools

53. ACM Conference on Universal Usability Washington, DC November 16-17, 2000 www.acm.org/sigchi/cuu

54. Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory www.cs.umd.edu/hcil

55. For More Information Visit the HCIL website for 200 papers & info on videos (www.cs.umd.edu/hcil) Visit the HCIL website for 200 papers & info on videos (www.cs.umd.edu/hcil) See Chapter 15 on Info Visualization Shneiderman, B., Designing the User Interface: Strategies for Effective Human-Computer Interaction: Third Edition (1998) (www.aw.com/DTUI) See Chapter 15 on Info Visualization Shneiderman, B., Designing the User Interface: Strategies for Effective Human-Computer Interaction: Third Edition (1998) (www.aw.com/DTUI) Z January 1999 book of readings: Card, S., Mackinlay, J., and Shneiderman, B. Information Visualization: Using Vision to Think