1. Dietary Supplements and Performance Enhancers
Chapter 9:
Dietary Supplements and Performance Enhancers

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Dietary Supplements
Many athletes use supplements in an effort to enhance their performance.
Dietary supplements are products other than tobacco that are intended to enhance the diet.
They include vitamins, minerals, amino acids, herbs, and/or other botanicals.
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Vitamins
Organic compounds that are essential in small amounts for body processes
Do not provide energy, but enable the body to use energy provided by fats, carbohydrates, and proteins.
Eating a balanced diet will provide a person with all the vitamins the body needs.
The body can not distinguish between plant or animal vitamins and manufactured vitamins.
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Minerals
Cannot provide energy, but contribute to the production of energy within the body.
Eating a balanced diet can provide a person with all the minerals the body needs.
Having too much concentrated forms of minerals can lead to toxicity, hair loss and changes in the blood, hormones, bones, muscles, blood vessels, and nearly all tissues
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Herbal Supplements
Plant matter, used in the form or powders, extracts, teas, and/or tables, believed to have therapeutic benefits.
Not regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) because they are considered dietary supplements.
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Glucosamine
A substance produced natuarlly in the body; often used as a supplement to maintain cartilage in the joints.
Made from shellfish shells; proven to be effective as a treatment for osteoarthritis and aids in the recover of some sports injuries.
Side effects – stomach problems, heartburn, or diarrhea.
People with history or heart disease or HBP should consult with doctors before taking glucosamine.
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Chondroitin
A naturally occurring substance, found in human and animal cartilage, that is often used as a supplement to treat osteoarthritis.
One should consult a physician before using as a supplement.
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8. Performance Enhancers
Many athletes use chemical enhancers to improve their athletic competition results.
Ergogenic aid – any agent that enhances energy utilization, including energy production and efficiency.
1-3 million athletes in the U.S. have used anabolic steroids.
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9. Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids
Anabolic steroids are substances based on the male sex hormone, testosterone, that are used to enhance metabolism and build up body tissues, especially muscles.
Anabolic = muscle-building
Androgenic = increased masculine characteristics
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Steriods (cont.)
Major side effects:
Liver tumors and cancer
Jaundice (yellowish pigmentation of skin, tissues, and body fluids)
Fluid retention
HBP
Severe acne
Mood swings
Depression (after not using)
Paranoid jealousy, extreme irritability, delusions, impaired judgement.
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Side Effects
Males
Shrinking of testicles
Infertility
Baldness
Low sperm count
Increased risk of prostate cancer
Females
Facial hair
Male-pattern baldness
Changes in or cessation of menstrual cycle
Deepened voice
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12. Anabolic Steroids (cont.)
Anabolic steroid use (in year 2000)
Grade 8th 10th 12th
Ever used 3.0% 3.5% 2.5%
Used in past year 1.7% 2.2% 1.7%
Used in past month 0.8% 1.0% 0.8%
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Growth Hormone
An supplement of a substance produced naturally by the pituritary gland that works to increase conversion of amino acids into protein.
Allows fat to be used as an energy source and not using muscle glycogen
Effects = heart disease, impotence, osteoporosis, and death
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Androstenedione
Androstenedione is a steroid produced naturally in both men and women.
It can change or enhance the growth and development of masculine or feminine traits.
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15. Androstenedione side effects
Early puberty and premature cessation of bone growth
Extreme aggression and mood changes
Exposure to cardiovascular disease, breast cancer, and pancreatic cancer
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Caffeine
Caffeine is an alkaloid that acts as a stimulant.
It is present in coffee, many soft drinks, and chocolate.
It is believed to enhance endurance and improve reaction times.
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Creatine Monohydrate
Creatine monohydrate is an amino acid found naturally in skeletal muscle that is stored for quick energy.
As a supplement, it is used to increase skeletal muscle.
Creatine theoretically works by increasing energy production during exercise, enabling athletes to sustain strenuous exercise for a longer period of time.
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Ephedra
Ephedra is now banned by the NCAA, NFL, and IOC.
It is derived from a shrublike plant and is used as a stimulant to boost energy and aid in weight loss.
Was a very popular weight loss supplement until the death of Baltimore Orioles pitcher Steve Belcher
Is tied to heatstroke and heart attacks.
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19. Athletic Code of Ethics
Clarifies and distinguishes proper practices from those that are detrimental and harmful.
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20. Proper Conduct and Good Sportsmanship
Treat others as you would like to be treated.
Do not evade or break the rules of your game.
Treat officials and opponents with respect. Accept the final decision of any official.
Honor visiting teams and spectators and behave honorably at other schools.
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21. Proper Conduct and Good Sportsmanship (cont.)
Be gracious in victory and defeat.
Be as cooperative as you are competitive.
Your actions reflect on you and your school.
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22. Purpose of Athletics in Schools
To teach rules, fundamentals, and skills of individual and team sports
To provide physical training
To provide healthy competition and cooperation within and between schools
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23. Purpose of Athletics in Schools (cont.)
To develop good sportsmanship that will enhance a student’s education
To maintain the spirit of amateur competition
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24. Guidelines for Coaches
Athletics is part of a student’s education, not a goal in itself.
Coaches assist students toward their fullest potential in athletics.
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25. Guidelines for Coaches (cont.)
Coaches shall conduct themselves in a way that brings credit to them and their teams, schools, and sports.
Coaches must maintain objectivity and balance commensurate with good sportsmanship.
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26. Guidelines for Players
Players shall represent themselves and their schools with honor, proper conduct, and good sportsmanship.
Players shall comply fully with the rulings of officials.
Players shall adhere to the rules of the school and the athletic department.
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