1. MODALS

2. PROBLEMS THAT STUDENTS HAVE USING MODALS

3. 3 AREAS MODALS DON’T FOLLOW THE RULES FOR SUBJECT/VERB AGREEMENT
MODALS DON’T USE THE INFINITIVE FORM (TO)
SOME LANGUAGES USE REGULAR VERBS OR ADVERBS INSTEAD OF MODALS

4. A RIDDLE?

5. WHEN DOES A 3RD PERSON PRESENT TENSE VERB NOT NEED AN ‘S’ ?

6. WHEN IT’S A MODAL!

7. True modal auxiliaries are not like other auxiliary and main verbs
True modal auxiliaries are not like other auxiliary and main verbs. They don’t need subject /verb agreement.

8. The Form of English Modals
can go go
You
She/he/it
GOES We
They

9. MODALS AND LEXICAL VERBS
HE WANTS TO GO. Yes or no?
HE PLANS TO GO Yes or no?
HE CAN TO GO Yes or no?

10. Modals do not have to follow the rule which says that an infinitive must precede the 2nd verb in certain two-verb sequences.

11. Third area of confusion

12. Not all languages have modals – often verbs or adverbs are used to perform the same function.

13. Modals can be combined with present and past tenses.

14. Present & past combinations
Base form of modal
Combined with present tense
Combined with past tense
Can
Could
Will
Would
May
Might
Shall
Should
Must
Had to

15. Remember that just because we have present and past forms of modals it doesn’t mean that we only use the present form to talk about the present time or that we only use the past form to talk about the past time.

16. HOWEVER
THIS DOES HAPPEN WHEN WE ARE USING REPORTED SPEECH. THEN THE MODALS REFLECT THESE PRESENT TENSE/PRESENT TIME AND PAST TENSE/PAST TIME CONNECTION

17. DIRECT SPEECH
REPORTED (INDIRECT) SPEECH
Skippy: I can type.
Skippy said that he could type.
Danie: I will go.
Danie said that she would go.
Skippy: Shall I stay?
Skippy asked if she should stay.
Charlotte: May I smoke?
Charlotte asked if she might smoke.
Elizabeth: I must work.
Elizabeth said that she had to work.

18. Modals and Quasi Modals
Multiword forms ending in to which function like true modals are called quasi-modals

19. Examples Modals Can Will Must Should Would (=past habit) Quasi-modal
Be able to
Be going to
Have to , have got to
Be to, ought to, be supposed to
Used to

20. Notice that quasi-modals do not exhibit the same formal properties as the true modals in that the subject verb agreement rule must be applied (except for ought to and used to and all quasi-modals require that a ‘to’ infinitive precede the main verb

21. Rules for using Modals and Quasi –modals in a sentence

22. We can should study hard for the test. M M

23. . I am able to must do the assignment. QM M

24. . I might be able to go to the film. MQ QM

25. He will have to improve his English M QM

26. He is going to have to improve his
? ?
English .

27. So what are the patterns that you can use?

28. Patterns Modal + Modal = No Quasi-modal +modal = No
Modal + quasi-modal = Yes
Quasi-modal + quasi-modal = Yes

29. The meaning of modals

30. Situational versus logical probability

31. Situational uses of modals
Making requests of a general nature
Will/would/can/ or could you help me?
Making specific requests for permission
May/might/can or could I leave the room?

32. Although both the present and past forms of these modals can be used in making requests , only the present tense forms are likely to be used in responses to requests

33. Examples To general requests: Yes, I can. (Not – Yes, I could.)
Yes, I will
Not, Yes I would.)
To requests for permission
Yes, you may.
(Not Yes, you might.)
Yes, you can.
(Not Yes, you could.)

34. Reason for this?

35. Reason for this?
Past tense forms of modals are considered more polite and less demanding that present forms- so the person making the request will use the past tense to ‘soften ‘ the request, however , the person being asked is not expected to ‘soften’ his/her response. More often a direct response is expected.
Yes, I can. No, I can’t.

36. Could you tell me the time? Or Would you tell me the time
If you saw me wearing a watch and you wanted to know the time what would you say?
Could you tell me the time? Or
Would you tell me the time

37. Can/Could= is it possible Will/would= willingness
Difference
Can/Could= is it possible
Will/would= willingness

38. Another use of Situational Modals is to give advice
You might/could see a doctor.
You should see a doctor.
You had better see a doctor.
You must see a doctor.
You will see a doctor.

39. Additional uses of situational modals
Ability –can, be able to
Desire- would like to
Preference- would rather ___ than __

40. Tomorrow we will look at the Logical uses of Modals.