1. World War I (pt. 1) “The Great War” US Isolation to US Dominance…

2. USH2.H.6.1
Explain how national economic and political interests helped set the direction of United States foreign policy since Reconstruction
USH2.H.6.2
Explain the reasons for United States involvement in global wars and the influence each involvement had on international affairs
Generalizations:
• World conflicts can cause domestic priorities to shift.
• Nationalism may have both a positive and negative impact on a nation as well as the global environment.

3. Essential Questions:
How and why did American foreign policy shift from neutrality to interventionism at the beginning of World War I.
How and why the United States joined with the Allied Powers to end World War I.
How and to what extent American involvement in World War I affected United States foreign policy and helped make the “world safe for democracy.”
How and why economic and political conditions in Europe after World War I led to the rise of authoritarian rulers and the onset of World War II.
How and why did American foreign policy shift to isolationism after World War I.

4. WORLD WAR I
REMEMBER THE CAUSES!!!!

5. M. A. I. N.

6. MILITARISM
THE GLORIFICATION AND BUILDUP OF THE ARMY AND NAVIES OF ALL EUROPEAN COUNTRIES MADE THEM CONFIDENT TO ATTACK FIRST OR LOSE FEAR OF THE WAR

7. Militarism
Militarism: the process of building up military strength for the purpose of intimidating other countries
If one nation builds up its military, then all others must do so as well

8. THE ALLIANCE SYSTEM
BY MAKING AGREEMENTS TO FIGHT ALONG OTHER COUNTRIES MEANT THAT ANY DISPUTE FROM DIFFERENT ALLIANCES THREATENED TO BRING ALL COUNTRIES INTO CONFLICT

9. Confusing (& secret) alliances
1882: Germany allied with Austria & Italy
1894: France allied with Russia
1904: Britain allied with France
Germany secretly allied with Ottomans
Britain secretly allied with Japan

10. IMPERIALISM
THE COMPETITION FOR COLONIES, EMPIRE, AND WORLD POWER WAS CREATING RIVALRIES AND HOSTILITIES BETWEEN NATIONS!!!!

11. NATIONALISM
FANATICAL PATRIOTISM TOWARDS ONES HOMELAND AND NATION THAT LEADS TO CONFLICTS, DECLARATIONS OF INDEPENDENCE, AND INCREASED TENSIONS AMONGST EUROPEAN NATIONS

12. Nationalism
Nationalism = intense pride in one’s own country or nationality
European states became more concerned with their own interests than with maintaining the peace that had held for close to 100 years

13. The Black Hand..
The main objective of the Black Hand was the creation, by means of violence, of a Greater Serbia.
Its stated aim was: "To realize the national ideal, the unification of all Serbs. This organization prefers terrorist action to cultural activities; it will therefore remain secret."

14. Archduke Franz Ferdinand
1863 – 1914
Nephew of Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph & heir to the throne of Austria
Married Countess Sophie who was beneath him in station, essentially giving up his rights to the throne
Sent on an official state visit to Sarajevo in the Austrian-held province of Bosnia

16. Assassination
June 28, 1914
Franz Ferdinand and his wife were assassinated by a Bosnian nationalist
Austria demanded that Serbia, who had supposedly supported the assassins, turn over anyone who was involved in the plot

17. When Serbia refused, Austria declared war

18. Russia enters the war
Russia, which supported a policy of Pan-Slavism (unity of all Slavic peoples), demonstrated its support for Serbia by declaring war on Austria

19. Germany, under their monarch Kaiser Wilhelm II, sided with Austria

20. France was allied with Russia

21. Germany invaded neutral Belgium to position themselves to attack France

22. Britain, who was allied with Belgium, declared war on Germany

23. The Two Sides of WWI
“The Central Powers” (Triple Alliance): Germany, Austria, & the Ottomans
“The Triple Entente”: Great Britain, France, & Russia

26. The U.S. & The War 26

27. Woodrow Wilson 1856 – 1924 28th President (1913 – 21)
A pacifist, he supported US neutrality (taking no sides) and isolationism (avoiding foreign conflicts)
His Secretary of State, William Jennings Bryan, was also dedicated to neutrality 27

28. Americans Take Sides
Some were pro-Germany: German immigrants, Irish immigrants (who were more anti-British)
Pro-British:
most Americans identified with Britain because of having same language & culture
US businesses traded heavily with Britain, US banks had loaned Britain over $2 billion (had only loaned $27 million to Germany)

29. German U-boats
Germany attempted to prevent Britain & France from obtaining supplies from overseas by using submarines to attack shipping
Feb. 1915: Germany announced unrestricted submarine warfare in the waters around Britain – any ships could be attacked without warning

30. The Lusitania
May 7, 1916: German U-boat attacked and sank the British passenger liner Lusitania, killing nearly 1200 civilians, including 128 Americans
Wilson responded by warning Germany that it had a responsibility to protect non- combatants or risk war with the US

31. The Sussex Pledge
After a 2nd attack in March that injured Americans aboard the French ship Sussex, Wilson issued a sterner warning to Germany
Germany did not want the US to enter the war, so they promised to stop attacking merchant ships without warning
Wilson, who did not really want to enter the war, used the so-called Sussex Pledge as a political tool for getting re-elected

32. Election of 1916
Wilson won re-election on the slogan “He kept us out of war!”
Isolationists’ numbers were dwindling though as the war in Europe grew more intense and US interests were threatened

33. Jeanette Rankin
1880 – 1973
Became the first woman to ever serve in Congress when she was elected by Montana to serve in the House of Representatives
Dedicated pacifist
the only member of Congress to vote against the US entering both WWI & WWII, also opposed the Korean & Vietnam Wars

34. The Zimmermann Telegram
January 1917: German Foreign Minister Arthur Zimmermann sent orders to the German ambassador in Mexico to offer Mexico an alliance with Germany
Germany would help Mexico reclaim Texas, California, and the Southwest if Mexico could keep the US occupied and out of the war in Europe 34

35. Zimmermann Telegram Backfires
Zimmermann’s note was intercepted by the British and published in US newspapers
Most Americans were enraged and began to demand war 35

36. Germany’s New Plan
Germany decided they needed to end the war before the US could mobilize
Feb. 1, 1917: resumed unrestricted submarine warfare in the hopes they could force a quick British surrender
Began to attack US merchant ships without warning, prompting Wilson to take action

37. US Declares War
April 2, 1917: Wilson appeared before Congress and asked for a declaration of war against Germany The Senate approved war by a vote of 82 to 6, the House by a vote of 373 to 50 37

38. -In his speech, Wilson said, “The world must be made safe for democracy. Its peace must be planted upon the tested foundations of political liberty. We have no selfish ends to serve. We desire NO conquest, no dominion.”-(imperialism!)