1. The death of Lin Biao
LO: to find out what happened to Lin Biao & practice source question technique

2. Lin Biao Leader of the PLA and great supporter of Mao
Named his successor in 1968
Died in an airplane crash in 1971 & branded a traitor
The circumstances around the crash are suspicious and modern historian scholars publishing outside China think that it was a fabricated story and that he was in fact purged by Mao
Lin Biao

3.
What does this teach us about how we deal with sources from within China?

4. Finding out about Lin Biao: The facts
Use your textbook p. 227 – 229 to answer the questions on the sheet
Then read the extracts from ‘Life and Death in Shanghai’ to add any further information to your notes
EXT: What similarities can you see in the tactics Mao employed to bring down Liu S, Deng and Lin B?
– I didn’t actually use this in the end, just the extract from Life and Death in Shanghai
Finding out about Lin Biao: The facts

5. Finding out about Lin: Dealing with sources
Work in pairs
Read sources 8 & 9 (p. 229 & 230)
In what respects do they disagree?
What do they agree on?
Can you explain the disagreements?
Which do you think is most likely to be correct? Why?
Does the one you find least likely to be correct mean you would discount it as a useful source? Why?
Plan an answer to this question:
How far could the historian make use of Sources 8 and 9 to investigate the fall of Lin Biao?
Finding out about Lin: Dealing with sources

6. Get the debate in to your introduction – and establish where each of the sources fall within the debate
Remember the trick is to make valid inferences – i.e. look at a source and infer what it suggests / tells us / implies and support your inferences with own knowledge
Compare and contrast the inferences within the framework of the debate you have established
Then look at nature/origin/provenance/tone – does this affect how much weight you would give the evidence each source promotes?
Conclude – and answer the question!
AO2 top tips

7. How far did the events of 1966 – 68 change the Communist Party in China?
This question requires you to examine the extent of change V continuity of these 2 years on the CCP. It is an in-depth question and therefore will require detailed, specific information on those years and the impact on the CCP structure, power and organisation
Complete as homework
AO1 Exam style question

8. How were the Red Guards brought back under control?
LO: to understand the causes and consequences of the ‘up to the mountains and down to the villages’ campaign

9. Key term: Rustication Campaign
Rustication : to go to or live in the country
Rustication campaign : Programme followed by Chinese government in which school leavers were sent to the countryside to live and work there
Encouraged after the GLF (to restore food production levels)
Became compulsory in 1968
What reasons would Mao give for doing this?
What other motives might he have had?
Copy down the meaning
Discuss the questions and write down answers
Mao gives: re-education / peasants are the ‘purest’ class, not bourgeois or spoiled – young people don’t know what it is to struggle – they have not had to be revolutionaru
Other motives: Red guards becoming out of control – they have been useful for Mao but now their anarchy is getting out of control
Key term: Rustication Campaign

10. ‘Learn from the peasants’
To villages we go, to the borders we go, to places in the fatherland where we are most needed we go, 1970
From December 1968 onward, millions of educated urban youth consisting of secondary school graduates and students, were mobilized and sent "up to the mountains and down to the villages”
In these areas they were to be re-educated by the poor and lower-middle peasants.
‘Learn from the peasants’

11. This relocation program was practiced first on a limited scale before the Great Leap Forward Movement, resumed in the early 1960s, and accelerated sharply by the late 1960s.
While some 1.2 million urban youths were sent to the countryside between 1956 and 1966, no less than 12 million were relocated in the period ; this amounts to an estimated 10% of the 1970 urban population.
In principle, the program called for lifelong resettlement in the rural areas, but toward the end of, and in particular after the Cultural Revolution, many were finally able to find jobs or to be transferred back to the cities. A great number of them, however, had resigned themselves to their fate and decided to remain.

12. Why was this decision taken to reign in the Red Guards?
Read all the given factors
For each one write a sentence explaining why it was significant (you might want to check over your textbook before doing this)
Do these factors link together? Draw arrows & explain your links
Which do you think was the most important? Why?
EXT: Are there any points earlier in the time period where you would have expected the Red Guards to be reigned in? Why do you think this decision was not taken sooner?
Causation Task:

13. What were the consequences of this rustication campaign?
What is the message of this poster?
Do you think this is going to be realistic? Why?
What were the consequences of this rustication campaign?

14. Judging from the many posters showing idyllic rural scenes, the youngsters all enjoyed the wholesome life in the countryside, and thrived under the stern but correct ideological guidance provided by the peasants…
However, many peasants living in the areas where urban youths were resettled resented their arrival. They often saw the youngsters from the cities, who in their eyes did not amount to much in terms of labour power, as a threat to their own survival. Many students could not deal with the harsh life and died in the process of re-education.
What is the message of the poster?
Do you think it is going to be accurate?

15. Using the rustication programme to wind down the Cultural Revolution
The main reason behind the acceleration of the relocation program in 1968 was an attempt to bring the Red Guards under control
With the schools still closed, the government did not know what to do with the millions of urban young. One way to solve the problem was to send the students away to the rural areas and let them fend for themselves.
Over the years, many of those who were sent away slowly started to realise this. Although the resentment this created found something of an outlet during the "Beijing Spring Movement" of , it contributed to a general decline of support for the Party and apathy for all things political.
Using the rustication programme to wind down the Cultural Revolution

16. What were the consequences of the rustication campaigns?
Source Analysis: Complete the following table using source 13 and 14 on p. 234
Consequences on…
Detail from sources
Inferences made
Together they show:
Contextual knowledge
Red Guards 13 14
Countryside / Urban workers
Key = resentment of red guards - loss of revolutionary zeal
Countryside / urban workers – ineffective workers / lack of good nutrition etc
What were the consequences of the rustication campaigns?